A coupled plasma-thermal model shows nanosecond laser bubble inception in water is driven by plasma-induced thermoelastic rarefaction pressures rather than pure thermal nucleation or plasma mechanics alone.
Plasma formation in water by picosecond and nanosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses - Part I: Optical breakdown at threshold and superthreshold irradiance
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From Optical Breakdown to Bubble Inception: A Coupled Plasma-Thermal Framework for Nanosecond Laser-Induced Cavitation in Water
A coupled plasma-thermal model shows nanosecond laser bubble inception in water is driven by plasma-induced thermoelastic rarefaction pressures rather than pure thermal nucleation or plasma mechanics alone.