Simulations using 2023 Belgian data show implicit balancing via batteries cuts TSO costs at moderate participation but risks overshooting when capacity grows large, with BRPs still profiting.
(14) The advantage of this approach is that it results in a smooth transition between the spot price component and the aFRR/mFRR component rather than jumps at the boundary values
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Herd Behavior in Decentralized Balancing Models: A Case Study in Belgium
Simulations using 2023 Belgian data show implicit balancing via batteries cuts TSO costs at moderate participation but risks overshooting when capacity grows large, with BRPs still profiting.