Systematic analysis of x402 reveals four security flaw classes with up to 100% leakage, a proof that output-only pricing cannot be both fair and inflation-bounded, and mitigations reducing costs 47% while inverting attacker leverage.
x402_tx_by_month, 2026
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Free-Riding the Agentic Web: A Systematic Security Analysis of x402 Payments
Systematic analysis of x402 reveals four security flaw classes with up to 100% leakage, a proof that output-only pricing cannot be both fair and inflation-bounded, and mitigations reducing costs 47% while inverting attacker leverage.