Lumen modeling of IllustrisTNG50 shows that high ionization parameters from massive star clusters plus enhanced nitrogen abundances are needed to reproduce the extreme [OIII]/Hβ, [OIII]/[OII], and [NII]/Hα ratios seen in z>3 galaxies.
and Cleri, Nikko J
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Narrow-line diagnostics on ~20 LRDs indicate that stellar photoionization alone cannot explain the observed ratios in many objects, implying anisotropic ionizing radiation from complex gas geometry.
citing papers explorer
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Origins of Extreme Emission-Line Ratios in z > 3 Galaxies: Insights from the Lumen Model
Lumen modeling of IllustrisTNG50 shows that high ionization parameters from massive star clusters plus enhanced nitrogen abundances are needed to reproduce the extreme [OIII]/Hβ, [OIII]/[OII], and [NII]/Hα ratios seen in z>3 galaxies.
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Constraints on the Gas Geometry Surrounding Little Red Dots through Narrow-Line Diagnostics
Narrow-line diagnostics on ~20 LRDs indicate that stellar photoionization alone cannot explain the observed ratios in many objects, implying anisotropic ionizing radiation from complex gas geometry.