Electrodynamics of Superconductors Exposed to High Frequency Fields

The electric losses in a bulk or film superconductor exposed to a parallel radio-frequency magnetic field may have three origins: In homogeneous vortex-free superconductors losses proportional to the frequency squared originate from the oscillating normal-conducting component of the charge carriers which is always present at temperatures $T>0$. With increasing field amplitude the induced supercurrents approach the depairing current at which superconductivity breaks down. And finally, if magnetic vortices can penetrate the superconductor they typically cause large losses since they move driven by the AC supercurrent.