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Imaging the initial condition of heavy-ion collisions and nuclear structure across the nuclide chart
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High-energy nuclear collisions encompass three key stages: the structure of the colliding nuclei informed by low-energy nuclear physics, the initial condition (IC) leading to the formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), and the hydrodynamic expansion and hadronization of the QGP leading to final-state hadrons observed experimentally. Recent advances in experimental and theoretical methods have ushered in a precision era, enabling an increasingly accurate understanding of these stages. However, most approaches involve simultaneously determining both QGP properties and initial conditions from a single collision system, creating complexity due to the coupled contributions of various stages to the final-state observables. To avoid this, we propose leveraging known knowledge of low-energy nuclear structure and hydrodynamic observables to constrain the IC independently. By conducting comparative studies of collisions involving isobar-like nuclei - species with similar mass numbers but different structures - we disentangle the initial condition's impacts from the QGP properties. This approach not only refines our understanding of the IC but also turns high-energy experiments into a precision tool for imaging nuclear structures, offering insights that complement traditional low-energy approaches. Opportunities for carrying out such comparative experiments at the LHC and other facilities could significantly advance both high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics. Additionally, this approach has implications for the future EIC. While the possibilities are extensive, we focus on selected proposals that could benefit both the high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics communities. Originally prepared as input for the long-range plan of U.S. nuclear physics, this white paper reflects the status as of September 2022, with a brief update on developments since then.
Forward citations
Cited by 18 Pith papers
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Evidence of nuclear geometry-driven anisotropic flow in OO and Ne$-$Ne collisions at $\mathbf{\sqrt{{\textit s}_{\rm\mathbf {NN}}}}$ = 5.36 TeV
First measurements of elliptic and triangular flow in OO and Ne-Ne collisions show geometry-driven collectivity consistent with hydrodynamic predictions.
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Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.36$ TeV $^{16}$O$+^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne$+^{20}$Ne collisions with the ATLAS detector
First measurements of v_n (n=2-4) in 5.36 TeV O+O and Ne+Ne collisions show enhanced v2 in central neon collisions consistent with prolate nuclear deformation.
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Proton-proton Femtoscopy as a Probe of Short-range Structure in High-Energy O+O Collisions
In simulated 16O+16O collisions at 200 GeV, proton-proton correlations shift the extracted source radius by about 5 percent when the oxygen input contains short-range nucleon correlations, while pion-pion correlations...
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Fermi-liquid view of viscosity in cold and dense nucleon matter
In a quasiparticle Fermi liquid with medium-dependent mass, imposing Landau matching makes the bulk viscosity manifestly non-negative and parametrically smaller than shear viscosity at low temperature, ζ/η ∝ (T/μ*)⁴.
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Impacts of isolated nucleon-nucleon correlations in relativistic $^{16}$O+$^{16}$O collisions
Applying rejection sampling to 16O configurations constrained by a Fermi density and a two-nucleon distance distribution reproduces the initial-state eccentricities and energy fluctuations of NLEFT and VMC ab-initio m...
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A Resummed Hydrodynamic Description of Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions
A resummed hydrodynamic scheme with tunable caps on shear and bulk viscous stress is introduced; it reduces to standard second-order hydrodynamics for small stresses and is used to quantify flow-observable uncertainti...
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Disentangling effects of nucleon size and nucleus structure in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
In AMPT simulations of 200 GeV Au+Au and O+O collisions, nucleon size smears deformation probes, but scaled v2 and scaled rho2 remain robust for deformation in heavy systems, while delta-pT fluctuation is a cleaner nu...
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Angular structure of many-body correlations in atomic nuclei: From nuclear deformations to diffractive vector meson production in $\gamma A$ collisions
Random rotation of an axially deformed intrinsic nuclear state produces a lab-frame two-body correlation proportional to cos(2φ12), which can be probed in diffractive photo-nuclear vector meson production.
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Imprints of octupole collectivity in uranium-238 on relativistic heavy-ion flow observables
Heavy-ion flow simulations show that an octupole deformation beta3 around 0.1 in 238U reverses the v3 hierarchy in ultra-central U+U vs Au+Au collisions and suppresses the v3-delta-pT correlation, enabling a new probe...
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Directly probing existence of $\alpha$-cluster structure in $^{20}$Ne by relativistic heavy-ion collisions
In simulations of 20Ne+20Ne collisions, the scaled yield ratio of spectator neutrons to charged spectator nuclei is reduced by 20 to 25 percent when 20Ne has alpha-cluster structure, providing a proposed direct probe.
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Energy dependence of the deformed nuclear structure at small-$x$
JIMWLK evolution slowly drives uranium and ruthenium nuclei toward a more spherical shape, with the effect growing for smaller nuclei.
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Nonlinear collective flow reveals the breakdown of quadrupole--hexadecapole scaling in heavy ion collisions
The nonlinear flow coefficient ξ6,222 in simulated U+U collisions separates the four (β2, β4) nuclear topology classes, making the sign of the hexadecapole deformation β4 experimentally accessible.
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Heavy quark polarization anisotropy as a novel probe of fireball geometry
Heavy-flavor polarization harmonics are introduced as observables whose Fourier coefficients are claimed to be proportional to the initial fireball spatial eccentricities.
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Scaling approach to rigid and soft nuclear deformation through flow fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions
Triangular flow four-particle cumulants scale linearly with the fourth moment of octupole deformation, allowing the mean and variance of 238U octupole deformation to be extracted separately.
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A comparison study of collisions at relativistic energies involving light nuclei
The elliptic-to-triangular flow ratio near target rapidity in lead-light nucleus collisions is the most sensitive model-level probe of light-nucleus deformation.
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Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions Of Isobars
RHIC isobar data are explained by different shapes of 96Ru and 96Zr, with 96Zr showing a large octupole deformation, so nuclear structure uncertainty, not the magnetic field, dominates the observed ratios.
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Probing jet-medium interactions via jet substructure observables in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
In the AMPT model, the medium-induced enhancement of the groomed jet mass at high Mg/pT in PbPb collisions comes from large-angle elastic scattering during the parton cascade, not from hadronization.
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Constraining the chiral magnetic effect using spectator and participant planes across Au+Au and isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}} = 200$ GeV
AMPT simulations suggest the CME signal-to-background plane ratio b/a is 0.88±0.08 in Au+Au, closer to unity than isobar collisions (0.65±0.18), implying the two-plane CME method is more reliable in Au+Au.
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