Cascade: An Application Pipelining Toolkit for Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays

While coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) have emerged as promising programmable accelerator architectures, pipelining applications running on CGRAs is required to ensure high maximum clock frequencies. Current CGRA compilers either lack pipelining techniques resulting in low performance or perform exhaustive pipelining resulting in high energy and resource consumption. We introduce Cascade, an application pipelining toolkit for CGRAs, including a CGRA application frequency model, automated pipelining techniques for CGRA application compilers that work with both dense and sparse applications, and hardware optimizations for improving application frequency. Cascade enables 7 - 34x lower critical path delays and 7 - 190x lower EDP across a variety of dense image processing and machine learning workloads, and 2 - 4.4x lower critical path delays and 1.5 - 4.2x lower EDP on sparse workloads, compared to a compiler without pipelining.