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arxiv: 2412.10451 · v2 · submitted 2024-12-12 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · hep-ex

Low-Energy Nuclear Recoil Calibration of XENONnT with a ⁸⁸YBe Photoneutron Source

XENON Collaboration: E. Aprile , J. Aalbers , K. Abe , S. Ahmed Maouloud , L. Althueser , B. Andrieu , E. Angelino , D. Ant\'on Martin
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F. Arneodo L. Baudis M. Bazyk L. Bellagamba R. Biondi A. Bismark K. Boese A. Brown G. Bruno R. Budnik C. Cai C. Capelli J. M. R. Cardoso A. P. Cimental Ch\'avez A. P. Colijn J. Conrad J. J. Cuenca-Garc\'ia V. D'Andrea L. C. Daniel Garcia M. P. Decowski A. Deisting C. Di Donato P. Di Gangi S. Diglio K. Eitel S. el Morabit A. Elykov A. D. Ferella C. Ferrari H. Fischer T. Flehmke M. Flierman W. Fulgione C. Fuselli P. Gaemers R. Gaior M. Galloway F. Gao S. Ghosh R. Giacomobono R. Glade-Beucke L. Grandi J. Grigat H. Guan M. Guida P. Gyorgy R. Hammann A. Higuera C. Hils L. Hoetzsch N. F. Hood M. Iacovacci Y. Itow J. Jakob F. Joerg Y. Kaminaga M. Kara P. Kavrigin S. Kazama P. Kharbanda M. Kobayashi D. Koke A. Kopec H. Landsman R. F. Lang L. Levinson I. Li S. Li S. Liang Z. Liang Y. T. Lin S. Lindemann M. Lindner K. Liu M. Liu J. Loizeau F. Lombardi J. Long J. A. M. Lopes T. Luce Y. Ma C. Macolino J. Mahlstedt A. Mancuso L. Manenti F. Marignetti T. Marrod\'an Undagoitia K. Martens J. Masbou E. Masson S. Mastroianni A. Melchiorre J. Merz M. Messina A. Michael K. Miuchi A. Molinario S. Moriyama K. Mor{\aa} Y. Mosbacher M. Murra J. M\"uller K. Ni U. Oberlack B. Paetsch Y. Pan Q. Pellegrini R. Peres C. Peters J. Pienaar M. Pierre G. Plante T. R. Pollmann L. Principe J. Qi J. Qin D. Ram\'irez Garc\'ia M. Rajado R. Singh L. Sanchez J. M. F. dos Santos I. Sarnoff G. Sartorelli J. Schreiner P. Schulte H. Schulze Ei{\ss}ing M. Schumann L. Scotto Lavina M. Selvi F. Semeria P. Shagin S. Shi J. Shi M. Silva H. Simgen C. Szyszka A. Takeda Y. Takeuchi P. L. Tan D. Thers F. Toschi G. Trinchero C. D. Tunnell F. T\"onnies K. Valerius S. Vecchi S. Vetter F. I. Villazon Solar G. Volta C. Weinheimer M. Weiss D. Wenz C. Wittweg V. H. S. Wu Y. Xing D. Xu Z. Xu M. Yamashita L. Yang J. Ye L. Yuan G. Zavattini M. Zhong
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 07:38 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det hep-ex
keywords nuclear recoil calibrationliquid xenonphotoneutron sourcedark matter searchneutrino scatteringlight yieldcharge yieldXENONnT
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The pith

XENONnT extracted liquid xenon light and charge yields for nuclear recoils between 0.3 and 5 keV_NR at 23 V/cm using a photoneutron source.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

A Yttrium-Beryllium photoneutron source was used to generate 152 keV neutrons for calibrating the XENONnT detector's response to low-energy nuclear recoils. Over 183 hours, 474 events were collected after data selection, with 55 expected background events subtracted using a separate gamma calibration run. This allowed extraction of the light yield starting at 0.3 keV_NR and charge yield at 0.7 keV_NR up to 5 keV_NR. The results are essential for detecting coherent neutrino scattering from solar boron-8 neutrinos and for probing light dark matter particles.

Core claim

We have successfully used a Yttrium-Beryllium photoneutron source that emits 152 keV neutrons for the calibration of the light and charge yields of the XENONnT experiment for the first time. After data selection, we accumulated 474 events from 183 hours of exposure with this source. The expected background was 55 ± 12 accidental coincidence events, estimated using a dedicated 152 hour background calibration run with a Yttrium-PVC gamma-only source and data-driven modeling. From these calibrations, we extracted the light (charge) yield for liquid xenon at our field strength of 23 V/cm between 0.3 (0.7) keV_NR and 5.0 keV_NR.

What carries the argument

The 88YBe photoneutron source producing 152 keV neutrons to induce and measure low-energy nuclear recoils in liquid xenon.

If this is right

  • This calibration enables accurate measurement of solar 8B neutrino coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering.
  • Searches for light dark matter particles with masses below 12 GeV/c² become feasible in XENONnT.
  • The light and charge yields provide a direct reference for interpreting signals in the 0.3-5 keV_NR range.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same photoneutron source technique could be applied to other noble-liquid detectors to allow direct comparison of response models across experiments.
  • These yield data could be used to test and refine theoretical predictions of scintillation and ionization quenching at sub-keV energies.
  • Improved event selection or longer exposures might push the calibration threshold lower in follow-up measurements.

Load-bearing premise

The background of 55 ± 12 accidental coincidence events estimated from the dedicated 152-hour Yttrium-PVC gamma-only run accurately represents the background in the photoneutron data set.

What would settle it

An independent run with the same source or another low-energy neutron source yielding a significantly different number of events after background subtraction or inconsistent yield values would challenge the extracted calibration.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.10451 by A. Bismark, A. Brown, A. Deisting, A. D. Ferella, A. Elykov, A. Higuera, A. Kopec, A. Mancuso, A. Melchiorre, A. Michael, A. Molinario, A. P. Cimental Ch\'avez, A. P. Colijn, A. Takeda, B. Andrieu, B. Paetsch, C. Cai, C. Capelli, C. Di Donato, C. D. Tunnell, C. Ferrari, C. Fuselli, C. Hils, C. Macolino, C. Peters, C. Szyszka, C. Weinheimer, C. Wittweg, D. Ant\'on Martin, D. Koke, D. Ram\'irez Garc\'ia, D. Thers, D. Wenz, D. Xu, E. Angelino, E. Masson, F. Arneodo, F. Gao, F. I. Villazon Solar, F. Joerg, F. Lombardi, F. Marignetti, F. Semeria, F. T\"onnies, F. Toschi, G. Bruno, G. Plante, G. Sartorelli, G. Trinchero, G. Volta, G. Zavattini, H. Fischer, H. Guan, H. Landsman, H. Schulze Ei{\ss}ing, H. Simgen, I. Li, I. Sarnoff, J. Aalbers, J. A. M. Lopes, J. Conrad, J. Grigat, J. Jakob, J. J. Cuenca-Garc\'ia, J. Loizeau, J. Long, J. Mahlstedt, J. Masbou, J. Merz, J. M. F. dos Santos, J. M. R. Cardoso, J. M\"uller, J. Pienaar, J. Qi, J. Qin, J. Schreiner, J. Shi, J. Ye, K. Abe, K. Boese, K. Eitel, K. Liu, K. Martens, K. Miuchi, K. Mor{\aa}, K. Ni, K. Valerius, L. Althueser, L. Baudis, L. Bellagamba, L. C. Daniel Garcia, L. Grandi, L. Hoetzsch, L. Levinson, L. Manenti, L. Principe, L. Sanchez, L. Scotto Lavina, L. Yang, L. Yuan, M. Bazyk, M. Flierman, M. Galloway, M. Guida, M. Iacovacci, M. Kara, M. Kobayashi, M. Lindner, M. Liu, M. Messina, M. Murra, M. P. Decowski, M. Pierre, M. Rajado, M. Schumann, M. Selvi, M. Silva, M. Weiss, M. Yamashita, M. Zhong, N. F. Hood, P. Di Gangi, P. Gaemers, P. Gyorgy, P. Kavrigin, P. Kharbanda, P. L. Tan, P. Schulte, P. Shagin, Q. Pellegrini, R. Biondi, R. Budnik, R. F. Lang, R. Gaior, R. Giacomobono, R. Glade-Beucke, R. Hammann, R. Peres, R. Singh, S. Ahmed Maouloud, S. Diglio, S. el Morabit, S. Ghosh, S. Kazama, S. Li, S. Liang, S. Lindemann, S. Mastroianni, S. Moriyama, S. Shi, S. Vecchi, S. Vetter, T. Flehmke, T. Luce, T. Marrod\'an Undagoitia, T. R. Pollmann, U. Oberlack, V. D'Andrea, V. H. S. Wu, W. Fulgione, XENON Collaboration: E. Aprile, Y. Itow, Y. Kaminaga, Y. Ma, Y. Mosbacher, Y. Pan, Y. Takeuchi, Y. T. Lin, Y. Xing, Z. Liang, Z. Xu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Comparison of the single-scatter nuclear recoil energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Left: A CAD rendering of the XENONnT cryostat inside the neutron veto detector (see [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Image of the I-belt cart containing the tungsten shield [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. The variation of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. BDT score distribution, the probability of an event [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. The distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Top: Comparison of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Light yield (left) and charge yield (right) extracted from the fit to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Estimation of the lowest observable energy in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_10.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Characterizing low-energy, keV-range nuclear recoils near the detector threshold is one of the major challenges for large direct dark matter detectors. To that end, we have successfully used a Yttrium-Beryllium photoneutron source that emits 152 keV neutrons for the calibration of the light and charge yields of the XENONnT experiment for the first time. After data selection, we accumulated 474 events from 183 hours of exposure with this source. The expected background was $55 \pm 12$ accidental coincidence events, estimated using a dedicated 152 hour background calibration run with a Yttrium-PVC gamma-only source and data-driven modeling. From these calibrations, we extracted the light (charge) yield for liquid xenon at our field strength of 23 V/cm between 0.3 (0.7) keV$_{\rm NR}$ and 5.0 keV$_{\rm NR}$. This calibration is crucial for accurately measuring the solar $^8$B neutrino coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering and searching for light dark matter particles with masses below 12 GeV/c$^2$.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the first calibration of low-energy nuclear recoil light and charge yields in XENONnT using a 88YBe photoneutron source that produces 152 keV neutrons. After 183 h of exposure, 474 events are selected following data cuts; an estimated background of 55 ± 12 accidental coincidences (derived from a separate 152 h 88Y-PVC gamma-only run plus data-driven modeling) is subtracted. From the resulting sample the light (charge) yield is extracted between 0.3 (0.7) keV_NR and 5.0 keV_NR at the operating field of 23 V/cm. The result is presented as essential for 8B CEvNS and sub-12 GeV/c² dark-matter searches.

Significance. If the background model is shown to transfer reliably, the measurement supplies the first direct experimental anchor for liquid-xenon response in the sub-keV_NR regime that is currently inaccessible to other calibration techniques. This directly improves the sensitivity reach of XENONnT and similar detectors for solar neutrinos and light dark matter.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract (background estimation paragraph)] Abstract (background estimation paragraph): the central yields rest on subtracting 55 ± 12 events from 474 selected events. The background is obtained from a dedicated gamma-only run and data-driven modeling, yet no internal cross-check (sideband, time-structure, or coincidence-rate comparison within the photoneutron dataset itself) is described that would confirm the model fully captures differences in trigger conditions, neutron-induced secondaries, or accidental rates. This transferability assumption is load-bearing for the reported 0.3–5 keV_NR yields.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript. The background estimation is indeed central to the reported yields, and we address the concern regarding validation of the model transferability below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract (background estimation paragraph)] Abstract (background estimation paragraph): the central yields rest on subtracting 55 ± 12 events from 474 selected events. The background is obtained from a dedicated gamma-only run and data-driven modeling, yet no internal cross-check (sideband, time-structure, or coincidence-rate comparison within the photoneutron dataset itself) is described that would confirm the model fully captures differences in trigger conditions, neutron-induced secondaries, or accidental rates. This transferability assumption is load-bearing for the reported 0.3–5 keV_NR yields.

    Authors: We agree that the background model transferability requires robust support. The estimate of 55 ± 12 accidental coincidences is derived from a dedicated 152-hour 88Y-PVC gamma-only run combined with data-driven modeling that incorporates measured rates under comparable trigger conditions. The manuscript presents this procedure, but we acknowledge that explicit internal cross-checks (e.g., sideband or time-structure comparisons performed directly on the photoneutron dataset) are not described. In the revised version we will add a dedicated validation subsection that includes (i) a time-structure comparison between the photoneutron and gamma-only datasets and (ii) a coincidence-rate consistency check using event subsets outside the nuclear-recoil acceptance region. These additions will quantify any residual differences arising from neutron-induced secondaries or trigger variations and will be accompanied by an updated systematic uncertainty budget. The central yield values are not expected to change. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct experimental yields from independent data runs

full rationale

The paper describes an experimental calibration using a photoneutron source, accumulating 474 events over 183 hours, subtracting an estimated 55±12 background events from a separate 152-hour gamma-only run with data-driven modeling, and extracting light/charge yields in the 0.3–5 keV_NR range. No equations, fitted parameters, or derivation steps are shown that reduce the reported yields to prior assumptions by construction. The background subtraction relies on an external run rather than self-referential fitting or self-citation chains. This is a standard data-collection result with no load-bearing self-definitional or fitted-input-called-prediction patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The measurement relies on the assumption that the photoneutron source spectrum and the background model are known from nuclear data and the separate calibration run; no free parameters or invented entities are mentioned in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The ⁸⁸YBe source produces neutrons at 152 keV as expected from known nuclear decay and photoneutron reaction kinematics.
    Invoked to interpret the selected events as nuclear recoils from the source.
  • domain assumption Accidental coincidence background in the signal run is accurately modeled by the gamma-only calibration run and data-driven methods.
    Central to subtracting the 55 ± 12 background events from the 474 observed events.

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Probing the Solar $^8$B Neutrino Fog with XENONnT

    hep-ex 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    XENONnT measures solar 8B neutrino coherent scattering at 3.3 sigma, finds no light dark matter, and constrains the weak mixing angle at low momentum transfer.

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    work page 2024