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arxiv: 2506.18015 · v3 · submitted 2025-06-22 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex

Lepton flavor violating top quark FCNC processes at the μTRISTAN

Abhik Sarkar This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 08:23 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-ex
keywords lepton flavor violationtop quark FCNCfour-fermion contact interactionsprojected sensitivitiesboost-invariant kinematicsmuon-electron collisionseffective couplings
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0 comments X

The pith

A proposed muon-electron collider running at 346 GeV can improve limits on lepton flavor violating top quark interactions by roughly a factor of ten over current LHC results.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines the potential of a future muon-electron collider to detect or constrain rare top quark processes that violate both quark and lepton flavor. It considers production of a top quark together with an up or charm quark through scalar, vector, or tensor four-fermion contact interactions. The study applies kinematic cuts based on boost-invariant quantities to isolate the signal and uses statistical methods to project the achievable sensitivity. For 100 fb inverse of integrated luminosity, these projections suggest bounds on the effective couplings that are about ten times tighter than existing LHC constraints. This would matter if true because it narrows the allowed parameter space for extensions of the standard model that induce such flavor violations.

Core claim

The central claim is that for an integrated luminosity of 100 fb^{-1} at a center-of-mass energy of 346 GeV, the projected constraints on the effective couplings for scalar, vector, and tensor operators in lepton flavor violating top quark flavor-changing neutral current processes improve upon current LHC bounds by approximately an order of magnitude, with even stronger sensitivity at 1 ab^{-1} and with the inclusion of initial-state beam polarization.

What carries the argument

A cut-based analysis using boost-invariant kinematic observables, followed by a likelihood-based statistical treatment, applied to the process of top quark production in muon-electron collisions via four-fermion contact interactions.

If this is right

  • Improved constraints would restrict the strength of new physics contributions to lepton flavor violating top decays and productions.
  • Beam polarization can be used to enhance sensitivity to particular operator types such as scalar or tensor.
  • Higher integrated luminosity up to 1 ab^{-1} would yield correspondingly stronger limits.
  • The approach demonstrates the complementary role of lepton colliders in probing flavor physics beyond what hadron colliders achieve.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar analyses could be extended to other lepton flavor violating channels involving bottom quarks or other particles.
  • If these projections hold, it would encourage investment in muon-based colliders specifically for precision flavor studies.
  • Discrepancies between projected and actual sensitivities could point to unaccounted-for backgrounds or operator interferences.

Load-bearing premise

The analysis assumes that background processes can be sufficiently suppressed or modeled using only the listed boost-invariant kinematic observables and that the effective four-fermion description remains valid without significant interference from higher-dimensional operators at 346 GeV.

What would settle it

If experimental data at the collider reveals background contamination in the selected kinematic regions significantly higher than estimated, or if no improvement in coupling limits is observed beyond LHC levels, the projected sensitivities would not hold.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.18015 by Abhik Sarkar.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Feynman diagrams corresponding to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Invariant mass distributions after the baseline cut [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: , defined as: ∆ϕbj = ϕb − ϕj , (17) where ϕb and ϕj denote the azimuthal angles of the b-jet and the light jet, respectively. As evident from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Single-parameter log-likelihood scans as functions of the WCs for scalar ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Correlated 95% C.L. exclusion contours for EFT operator parameter spaces of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate charged lepton flavor violating top quark flavor-changing neutral current interactions at the proposed asymmetric muon-electron collision stage of the $\mu$TRISTAN collider, operating at a center-of-mass energy of 346 GeV. Specifically, we study the process $\mu^{+} e^{-} \rightarrow t q$ ($t \overline{q} + \overline{t}q$) with $q = u, c$, within the framework of three classes of four-fermion contact interactions: scalar, vector, and tensor operators. A cut-based analysis is performed using boost-invariant kinematic observables, followed by a likelihood-based statistical treatment to derive projected sensitivities for each operator. For an integrated luminosity of $100~\text{fb}^{-1}$, the projected constraints improve upon current LHC bounds on the corresponding effective couplings by approximately an order of magnitude. Projections for $1~\text{ab}^{-1}$ indicate even stronger sensitivity, indicating improved reach at higher luminosity. Additionally, we explore the impact of initial-state beam polarization on these projections, showing how it can further enhance sensitivity to specific operator structures.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript studies charged lepton flavor violating top-quark FCNC processes at the proposed asymmetric μTRISTAN μ⁺e⁻ collider (√s = 346 GeV). It examines μ⁺e⁻ → t q (q = u, c) mediated by scalar, vector and tensor four-fermion contact operators, applies a cut-based selection on boost-invariant kinematic observables, and uses a likelihood analysis to project upper limits on the effective couplings. For 100 fb⁻¹ the paper claims an order-of-magnitude improvement over existing LHC bounds; stronger reach is projected at 1 ab⁻¹ and with initial-state beam polarization.

Significance. If the background modeling and statistical projections are validated, the work would provide useful new constraints on LFV top FCNC couplings at a future lepton collider, complementary to LHC searches. The exploration of polarization effects for operator discrimination is a constructive addition. The central projection remains plausible but its quantitative impact hinges on unverified simulation assumptions.

major comments (2)
  1. [§4] §4 (cut-based analysis): The selection is performed with boost-invariant kinematic observables, yet the manuscript reports neither post-cut background cross sections nor the specific SM processes (e.g., μe → W b q, diboson, or mis-identification) that survive the cuts. Without these numbers the claim that backgrounds are sufficiently suppressed at 346 GeV cannot be verified and directly affects the order-of-magnitude improvement asserted for 100 fb⁻¹.
  2. [§5] §5 (results and projections): The likelihood limits for 100 fb⁻¹ and 1 ab⁻¹ are presented without systematic uncertainty estimates arising from the asymmetric collider environment or validation plots of the background model. This omission is load-bearing for the comparison to current LHC bounds on the effective couplings.
minor comments (2)
  1. [§3] The abstract and §3 could list the precise numerical values of the kinematic cuts employed in the analysis.
  2. A summary table comparing the projected limits on each operator coefficient to the corresponding LHC bounds would improve readability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments, which help improve the clarity and robustness of our projections. We respond to each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§4] §4 (cut-based analysis): The selection is performed with boost-invariant kinematic observables, yet the manuscript reports neither post-cut background cross sections nor the specific SM processes (e.g., μe → W b q, diboson, or mis-identification) that survive the cuts. Without these numbers the claim that backgrounds are sufficiently suppressed at 346 GeV cannot be verified and directly affects the order-of-magnitude improvement asserted for 100 fb⁻¹.

    Authors: We agree that explicit post-cut background cross sections and identification of the surviving SM processes would allow independent verification of the background suppression. In the revised manuscript we have expanded §4 with a new table listing the leading background processes (including μ⁺e⁻ → W b q, diboson production, and mis-identification contributions) together with their cross sections before and after the cut-based selection on boost-invariant observables. These numbers confirm that the residual background is small enough at √s = 346 GeV to support the projected sensitivity gain relative to existing LHC limits. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§5] §5 (results and projections): The likelihood limits for 100 fb⁻¹ and 1 ab⁻¹ are presented without systematic uncertainty estimates arising from the asymmetric collider environment or validation plots of the background model. This omission is load-bearing for the comparison to current LHC bounds on the effective couplings.

    Authors: We acknowledge that systematic uncertainties tied to the asymmetric beam environment and background-model validation were not quantified in the original submission. The revised §5 now includes a dedicated paragraph estimating the dominant systematics (luminosity uncertainty, beam-energy spread, and acceptance variations in the asymmetric setup) and their effect on the extracted limits. We have also added validation plots in an appendix that compare the simulated background distributions to the shapes used in the likelihood fit. These additions make the comparison to LHC bounds more transparent while remaining within the scope of a projection study. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in projection methodology

full rationale

The paper derives projected sensitivities for effective couplings via a cut-based analysis on simulated signal and background events using boost-invariant kinematics, followed by a likelihood fit for statistical limits at specified luminosities. This is a forward calculation from assumed cross sections and selection efficiencies, not a reduction of the output to a fitted parameter or self-defined quantity by construction. No equations, self-citations, or ansatze are shown that would make the order-of-magnitude improvement claim tautological with the inputs. The derivation remains self-contained against external benchmarks such as existing LHC bounds.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central projections rest on the validity of the effective-field-theory contact-operator framework at the collider scale and on the assumption that kinematic cuts alone suffice to isolate the signal.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Four-fermion contact operators provide an adequate description of the new physics at √s = 346 GeV
    Invoked when the paper restricts the analysis to scalar, vector, and tensor operators without higher-dimensional corrections.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5712 in / 1252 out tokens · 42225 ms · 2026-05-19T08:23:04.487807+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Probing anomalous quartic gauge couplings via vector boson scattering at the same-sign muon collider

    hep-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Projections show the μTRISTAN same-sign muon collider can significantly improve bounds on anomalous quartic gauge couplings via vector boson scattering in multiple final states at 2 and 6 TeV.

  2. Same-Sign Tetralepton Signature at $\mu$TRISTAN

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    The paper identifies promising parameter regions for observing same-sign tetralepton events from charged Higgs pair and single production decaying to muons and heavy neutral leptons at μTRISTAN.

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