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arxiv: 2604.26109 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-28 · ⚛️ physics.atom-ph · nucl-ex· nucl-th· quant-ph

Formation of gaseous, doubly charged cerium monofluoride CeF²⁺ and its sensitivity to new physics

R. Simpson , C. Z\"ulch , K. B. Ng , I. Belosevic , C. Charles , P. Justus , R. Berger , S. Malbrunot-Ettenauer
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A. A. Kwiatkowski M. P. Reiter J. Ash C. Babcock J. Bergmann E. Brisley J. D. Cardona C. Chambers A. Czihaly A. Gottberg S. Kakkar J. Lassen F. Maldonado Mil\'an A. Mollaebrahimi V. Radchenko E. Taylor A. Teigelh\"ofer C. Walls A. Weaver P. Weligampola
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 13:44 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.atom-ph nucl-exnucl-thquant-ph
keywords cerium monofluoridedoubly charged ionsP,T-odd propertiesphysics beyond the Standard Modelquantum chemical calculationsmolecular ionssymmetry violationsgas-phase formation
0
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The pith

Gas-phase cerium monofluoride dications are formed and their electronic structure is shown to parallel a proposed radioactive ion for testing physics beyond the Standard Model.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper establishes that gaseous doubly charged cerium monofluoride ions can be produced and identified in the laboratory. Quantum chemical calculations demonstrate that the electronic structure of CeF^{2+} is similar to that of the tricationic protactinium monofluoride, which has been suggested as a system for detecting violations of parity and time-reversal symmetry. As a result, the calculations yield estimates for the sensitivity of CeF^{2+} to such effects. The authors also outline considerations for applying quantum control methods to these ions in future experiments.

Core claim

The paper reports the formation of gaseous CeF^{2+} ions and presents quantum chemical calculations showing that its electronic structure parallels that of ^{229}PaF^{3+}. This parallelism enables estimates of the CeF^{2+} sensitivity to various P,T-odd properties, positioning it as a surrogate system for probing new physics, with a discussion of quantum control specifics to guide future symmetry violation searches.

What carries the argument

The CeF^{2+} molecular ion and its computed electronic wavefunctions, which enable the identification of P,T-odd sensitivities through isoelectronic comparison.

Load-bearing premise

That the electronic structure of the stable CeF^{2+} sufficiently parallels that of PaF^{3+} so that the calculated sensitivities are transferable as a surrogate.

What would settle it

Spectroscopic measurements or direct calculations revealing that the P,T-odd interaction parameters in CeF^{2+} do not match the expected values from the isoelectronic analogy within theoretical uncertainties.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.26109 by A. A. Kwiatkowski, A. Czihaly, A. Gottberg, A. Mollaebrahimi, A. Teigelh\"ofer, A. Weaver, C. Babcock, C. Chambers, C. Charles, C. Walls, C. Z\"ulch, E. Brisley, E. Taylor, F. Maldonado Mil\'an, I. Belosevic, J. Ash, J. Bergmann, J. D. Cardona, J. Lassen, K. B. Ng, M. P. Reiter, P. Justus, P. Weligampola, R. Berger, R. Simpson, S. Kakkar, S. Malbrunot-Ettenauer, V. Radchenko.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: Schematic of the experimental apparatus. (a) Cerium ion production within the Multiple-Charge Ion Source view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Typical cerium cation charge state distribution view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: A high turn TOF spectrum of view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: A high resolution TOF spectrum ( view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: Identifying the view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6: Energy level diagrams (not to scale) for reactions of various charges states of cerium [row (a)] and protactinium view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Potential energy surface of the electronic ground view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8: Born–Oppenheimer potential energy curves of view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9: Energy landscape (not to scale) of the ( view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10: Absolute sizes of the effective coupling ( view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11: An example of an optical pumping scheme in CeF view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12: Additional hyperfine crossings due to a larger view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13: Energy level diagrams for selected reactions of cerium [row (a)] and protactinium [row (b)] in various charge view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Tricationic protactinium monofluoride ($^{229}$PaF$^{3+}$) has been proposed as a candidate for probing physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Since studies with $^{229}$PaF$^{3+}$ require significant experimental advances, we exploit the stable, valence-isoelectronic dicationic cerium monofluoride (CeF$^{2+}$) as a surrogate. Gas-phase fluorinated-cerium molecular ions are formed and identified using the Off-Line Ion Source and TITAN mass measurement facilities at TRIUMF. Quantum chemical calculations are performed on the electronic structure of CeF$^{2+}$, revealing a parallel to that of $^{229}$PaF$^{3+}$. Moreover, these calculations provide estimates on the sensitivity of CeF$^{2+}$ itself to various $\mathcal{P,T}$-odd properties. A brief discourse on the specifics of the quantum control of CeF$^{2+}$ is presented which anticipates future searches for symmetry violations.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the experimental formation and mass-spectrometric identification of gaseous CeF^{2+} using the Off-Line Ion Source and TITAN facilities at TRIUMF, together with quantum-chemical calculations on its electronic structure that estimate sensitivities to P,T-odd properties and position CeF^{2+} as a valence-isoelectronic surrogate for the radioactive ^{229}PaF^{3+}.

Significance. If the surrogate relation can be placed on a quantitative footing, the work supplies a stable-ion route to precision searches for physics beyond the Standard Model and demonstrates a concrete experimental platform at TRIUMF. The combination of ion production with ab-initio estimates of effective fields and moments is a useful first step toward quantum-control protocols for symmetry-violation measurements.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and quantum-chemical calculations section] Abstract and the section on quantum-chemical results: the claim that the electronic structure of CeF^{2+} 'reveals a parallel' to ^{229}PaF^{3+} is not accompanied by any numerical metric (overlap integrals, percentage deviation in E_eff or MQM, or side-by-side tabulation of the relevant P,T-odd matrix elements); valence-isoelectronicity alone does not guarantee transferability of the observables that depend on the relativistic wavefunction near the heavy nucleus and on the molecular charge state.
  2. [Experimental identification section] Experimental identification section: the mass-spectrometry data are presented without reported error bars, abundance ratios, or explicit validation against possible isobaric contaminants, leaving the strength of the formation claim difficult to assess quantitatively.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Quantum control discussion] The brief discourse on quantum control would benefit from concrete laser-cooling or state-preparation schemes rather than remaining at the level of general anticipation.
  2. A short table comparing key spectroscopic constants (bond length, vibrational frequency, ionization energy) of CeF^{2+} with those of PaF^{3+} would make the surrogate discussion more transparent.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major point below and have revised the manuscript accordingly to improve quantitative support and clarity.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and quantum-chemical calculations section] Abstract and the section on quantum-chemical results: the claim that the electronic structure of CeF^{2+} 'reveals a parallel' to ^{229}PaF^{3+} is not accompanied by any numerical metric (overlap integrals, percentage deviation in E_eff or MQM, or side-by-side tabulation of the relevant P,T-odd matrix elements); valence-isoelectronicity alone does not guarantee transferability of the observables that depend on the relativistic wavefunction near the heavy nucleus and on the molecular charge state.

    Authors: We agree that the original wording could be strengthened by quantitative context. The parallel is grounded in the identical valence-electron configuration (one unpaired electron in a similar sigma orbital) and comparable bond lengths, which lead to analogous relativistic enhancements near the heavy nucleus. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated paragraph and a small comparison table listing the calculated E_eff, MQM, and W_s parameters for CeF^{2+} together with the corresponding literature values reported for PaF^{3+}. Percentage deviations are now quoted where the quantities can be compared at similar levels of theory. We have also softened the abstract claim to 'suggests a close electronic parallel' and explicitly note the limitations arising from the different molecular charge states. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Experimental identification section] Experimental identification section: the mass-spectrometry data are presented without reported error bars, abundance ratios, or explicit validation against possible isobaric contaminants, leaving the strength of the formation claim difficult to assess quantitatively.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this omission. The experimental section has been expanded to include statistical error bars on all peak intensities (derived from repeated scans), the measured abundance ratio of CeF^{2+} relative to Ce^{+} and CeF^{+}, and a short paragraph addressing possible isobaric interferences (e.g., ^{140}Ce^{16}O^{2+} or other doubly charged species at m/z = 78). The high mass resolving power of TITAN and the selective production route via the Off-Line Ion Source are now used to argue that such contaminants are excluded at the observed signal-to-noise level. A supplementary figure with the full mass spectrum and annotations has also been added. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation chain is self-contained

full rationale

The paper separates experimental ion formation/identification at TRIUMF facilities from independent quantum-chemical computations of CeF²⁺ electronic structure and P,T-odd sensitivities. The surrogate parallel to ²²⁹PaF³⁺ is asserted via valence-isoelectronicity and direct calculation results rather than any self-definition, fitted-parameter renaming, or load-bearing self-citation. No equations or claims reduce by construction to prior inputs within the manuscript; the experimental and computational components do not feed back into each other. This is the normal case of an honest non-finding.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only; quantum chemistry relies on standard approximations whose details are not specified. No free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or invented entities are described.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard quantum chemical methods accurately capture the electronic structure of CeF²⁺ and its comparison to PaF³⁺
    Invoked implicitly when stating that calculations reveal a parallel and provide sensitivity estimates.

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Reference graph

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