Scanning-probe quantum sensing of microwave and static magnetic field response of an on-chip superconducting resonator

Hailong Wang; Hanyi Lu; Jingcheng Zhou; Senlei Li; Zelong Xiong

arxiv: 2606.20904 · v1 · pith:5DEZQMOU · submitted 2026-06-18 · cond-mat.mes-hall

Scanning-probe quantum sensing of microwave and static magnetic field response of an on-chip superconducting resonator

Senlei Li , Jingcheng Zhou , Zelong Xiong , Hanyi Lu , Hailong Wang This is my paper

Reviewed by Pith T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 kernel 2026-06-26 15:37 UTCgrok-4.3pith:5DEZQMOU record.json open to challenge →

classification cond-mat.mes-hall

keywords superconducting resonatorquantum sensingscanning probeRabi oscillationssuperconducting vorticesniobiummicrowave fieldsstatic fields

0 comments

The pith

A quantum spin sensor uses Rabi oscillations to map microwave fields from a superconducting resonator and images the vortices induced by static fields at nanoscale.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The authors use a scanning probe with a quantum spin sensor to examine the electromagnetic fields around an on-chip niobium superconducting resonator. They establish that the resonator's microwave magnetic fields drive Rabi oscillations in the sensor, demonstrating its use for coherent control. The sensor also reveals how static magnetic fields cause superconducting vortices to form, move, and depin within the resonator. This local probing offers a new way to understand and improve the performance of superconducting devices used in quantum computing and sensing.

Core claim

The paper shows that microwave magnetic fields from the superconducting resonator mode can be used for coherent control of a quantum spin sensor through Rabi oscillation measurements. It further demonstrates that static magnetic fields induce the formation, evolution, and depinning of superconducting vortices in the resonator, which are visualized at the nanoscale using the scanning probe.

What carries the argument

Scanning-probe quantum microscopy with a quantum spin sensor, employing Rabi oscillations for microwave field sensing and direct imaging for static field responses including vortices.

If this is right

The microwave fields of the resonator can coherently control spin sensors in integrated quantum circuits.
Vortex behavior under static fields can be studied locally to identify sources of decoherence or loss in resonators.
The technique provides nanoscale characterization that can guide improvements in superconducting resonator design and fabrication.
Insights from such measurements can inform testing protocols for solid-state quantum circuits.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

This sensing method could be used to calibrate field strengths in other quantum devices without direct electrical connections.
Extending the approach to different materials or resonator geometries might reveal material-specific vortex pinning mechanisms.
Integration with other scanning techniques could allow simultaneous measurement of electric and magnetic field responses.

Load-bearing premise

The Rabi oscillations are due to the microwave magnetic field produced by the resonator mode and not by stray fields or artifacts, and the observed nanoscale features correspond to superconducting vortices whose dynamics are triggered by the applied static magnetic field.

What would settle it

If the Rabi oscillations disappear when the microwave drive is applied but the resonator is not excited at its resonant frequency, or if no vortex-like features appear in the images when static fields are applied to the resonator.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20904 by Hailong Wang, Hanyi Lu, Jingcheng Zhou, Senlei Li, Zelong Xiong.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: NV Rabi sensing of a superconducting resonator mode. (a) Optical image of a patterned on-chip Nb resonator. Scale bar is 500 μm. (b) Microwave transmission spectrum of a superconducting resonator mode measured at 5 K with zero external magnetic field. (c) Schematic of local NV sensing of microwave (MW) magnetic field emanating from the center strip of an onchip Nb resonator. Microwave (MW) current Imw flo… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Imaging microwave field distribution of a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Visualizing superconducting vortices formed in an on-chip Nb resonator. (a) Schematic of imaging superconducting vortices using a scanning NV spin sensor. (b) ODMR spectra recorded when an NV center is positioned right above and away from a superconducting vortex. The NV-to-sample distance is ~100 nm for presented ODMR measurements. Double Lorentzian function is used to fit positions of NV ESR frequencies.… view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Magnetic field-induced depinning effect of superconducting vortices. (a)-(b) NV ODMR maps showing normalized PL intensity as a function of external magnetic field Bext applied along the NV spin direction and microwave frequency ݂ at 6 K (a) and 2 K (b), respectively. Dashed lines indicate the resonator frequency ݂ୖ ~ 2.7 GHz. (c) Local magnetic field BNV measured by the NV center as a function of Bext at 6… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Superconducting resonators are finding increasing applications in designing advanced quantum circuits for ongoing sensing, metrology, and computing technological revolution. A detailed knowledge of microscopic electromagnetic properties of superconducting resonators is directly relevant for their further improvements on circuitry design and device performance. Here, we introduce scanning-probe quantum microscopy to report nanoscale sensing of microwave and static magnetic field environment of an on-chip niobium (Nb) superconducting resonator. Taking advantage of Rabi oscillation measurements, we show that microwave magnetic fields generated by the superconducting resonator mode can be utilized to achieve coherent control of a quantum spin sensor. We further visualize static electromagnetic field response of the Nb resonator, showing magnetic field-induced formation, evolution, and depinning of superconducting vortices. Our results provide insights into future design, testing and evaluation of solid-state superconducting resonators, highlighting the potential of quantum sensors as a local probe to investigate electromagnetic properties of superconducting quantum circuits.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper demonstrates nanoscale mapping of both microwave fields (via Rabi) and static-field vortex dynamics in an on-chip Nb resonator using a scanning quantum spin sensor.

read the letter

The core result is a combined local probe: Rabi oscillations driven by the resonator's microwave field for coherent spin control, plus direct imaging of vortex formation, motion, and depinning under static fields. This is a concrete application of existing spin-sensing methods to an actual superconducting circuit element rather than a generic sample.

The work is strongest on the experimental concept. Putting both sensing channels in one scanning-probe setup on a real Nb device is useful for people who need to check field distributions and vortex behavior at the scale that matters for circuit performance. The abstract is clear about the two observables and the device type.

The main limitation is that the abstract supplies no quantitative data, error bars, or control measurements. Without those it is hard to judge how well stray fields or other artifacts were ruled out, which directly affects the weakest assumption about the source of the Rabi signal. If the full manuscript has clean, reproducible traces and reasonable controls, the claims hold; if not, the interpretation stays tentative.

This is for experimentalists working on superconducting resonators and quantum sensors who want a local characterization tool. It is not a broad methodological advance, but the specific combination on an on-chip device is new enough to be worth checking. The paper shows clear thinking about the measurement goals and cites relevant prior work on both sensing and vortices.

I would send it to peer review. The technique is worth a detailed look even if the data need strengthening.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces scanning-probe quantum microscopy using a quantum spin sensor to investigate the microwave and static magnetic field environment of an on-chip niobium superconducting resonator. It reports Rabi oscillations to demonstrate coherent control of the spin sensor by the resonator mode's microwave magnetic field and visualizes the formation, evolution, and depinning of superconducting vortices under applied static magnetic fields.

Significance. If the experimental claims hold after validation of controls, the work provides a nanoscale probe for electromagnetic properties of superconducting resonators relevant to quantum circuit design. The combination of coherent spin control and vortex dynamics imaging could offer local diagnostics not available with conventional techniques.

major comments (2)

[Results section on Rabi oscillations] The central claim that observed Rabi oscillations arise specifically from the resonator's microwave magnetic field (rather than stray fields or artifacts) is load-bearing for the coherent-control result; explicit controls, background measurements, and quantitative comparison of Rabi frequencies with expected resonator fields are required to substantiate this.
[Results section on static magnetic field response] The identification of imaged features as superconducting vortices whose dynamics are directly induced by the static field requires supporting quantitative evidence (e.g., field- or temperature-dependent behavior, comparison with expected vortex pinning/depinning thresholds) to rule out alternative magnetic structures; this underpins the static-field response claims.

minor comments (1)

[Abstract] The abstract would be strengthened by inclusion of at least one key quantitative result (e.g., measured Rabi frequency or vortex density) to allow immediate assessment of the scale of the observations.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments, which help strengthen the presentation of our results. We address each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Results section on Rabi oscillations] The central claim that observed Rabi oscillations arise specifically from the resonator's microwave magnetic field (rather than stray fields or artifacts) is load-bearing for the coherent-control result; explicit controls, background measurements, and quantitative comparison of Rabi frequencies with expected resonator fields are required to substantiate this.

Authors: We agree that explicit controls and quantitative comparisons are needed to confirm the origin of the observed Rabi oscillations. In the revised manuscript we will add background measurements with the resonator drive off and with the NV sensor displaced from the resonator, together with a direct comparison of measured Rabi frequencies against the expected microwave field amplitude obtained from electromagnetic simulations of the device geometry. These data and analysis will appear in an expanded Results section and the Supplementary Information. revision: yes
Referee: [Results section on static magnetic field response] The identification of imaged features as superconducting vortices whose dynamics are directly induced by the static field requires supporting quantitative evidence (e.g., field- or temperature-dependent behavior, comparison with expected vortex pinning/depinning thresholds) to rule out alternative magnetic structures; this underpins the static-field response claims.

Authors: We acknowledge that additional quantitative evidence would strengthen the vortex identification. The revised manuscript will include temperature-dependent imaging near the critical temperature of Nb and a comparison of the observed depinning thresholds with literature values for thin-film Nb. These results will be presented in the Results section on static-field response. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The manuscript contains no equations, derivations, fitted parameters, or self-citation chains that could reduce any claimed result to its own inputs. All central claims rest on direct experimental observations (Rabi oscillations and vortex imaging) rather than any predictive or definitional loop. The work is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks with no load-bearing circular steps.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The abstract relies on standard domain assumptions from quantum sensing and superconductivity without introducing new free parameters or invented entities.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Rabi oscillations of the spin sensor directly report the local microwave magnetic field amplitude from the resonator mode
Central to the microwave sensing claim; invoked when stating coherent control via resonator fields.
domain assumption Features observed under static magnetic field are superconducting vortices whose formation, motion, and depinning can be attributed to the applied field
Underpins the static field visualization claim; standard in the field but requires confirmation that no other mechanisms produce similar contrast.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5696 in / 1224 out tokens · 29605 ms · 2026-06-26T15:37:10.621615+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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1 Scanning - probe quantum sensing of microwave and static magnetic field response of an on - chip superconduct ing resonator Senlei Li 1 , Jingcheng Zhou 1 , Zelong Xiong 1 , Hanyi Lu 2 ,1 , and Hailong Wang 1 * 1 School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA 2 Department of Physics, University of California , San Diego,...

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(3) Rani, S.; Cao, X.; Baptista, A. E.; Hoffmann, A.; Pfaff, W. High - Dynamic - Range Quantum Sensing of Magnons and Their Dynamics Using a Superconducting Qubit. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2025 , 23 (6), 064032. (4) Zhang, X.; Kim, E.; Mark, D. K.; Choi, S.; Painter, O. A Superconducting Quantum Simulator Based on a Photonic - Bandgap Metamaterial. Science 2023 ,...

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