Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 79 references

Accretion Burst Crystallizes Silicates in a Planet-Forming Disk

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-01 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read Periodic accretion bursts crystallize silicates in a young star's disk

desk verdict Solid JWST burst/quiescent dataset, but the in-situ annealing claim is conditional on an untested differential-sublimation assumption. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.27765 v1 pith:DO4CYCYH submitted 2026-07-30 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR

Jeong-Eun Lee , Chul-Hwan Kim , Jaeyeong Kim , Seokho Lee , Young-Jun Kim , Seonjae Lee , Giseon Baek , Joel D. Green
show 8 more authors
Gregory J. Herczeg Doug Johnstone Klaus M. Pontoppidan Yuri Aikawa Yao-Lun Yang Logan Francis Mihwa Jin Hyerin Jang
This is my paper
classification astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
keywords starformationprotostellardisksepisodicaccretionsilicatecrystallizationforsteriteenstatiteJWSTMIRIdiskwinds
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper compares JWST mid-infrared spectra of the embedded protostar EC 53 taken during its quiescent phase and during one of its periodic accretion bursts. It finds that emission features of crystalline silicates, forsterite and enstatite, appear only during the burst, indicating that amorphous dust grains are being thermally annealed in the hot inner disk. The 18-micron band, which traces cooler dust, shows no crystalline signal, which the authors use to argue the crystals are newly formed rather than pre-existing. If correct, this is the first direct evidence that episodic accretion bursts in a Sun-like protostar can create crystalline silicates in situ and that the nested jet/outflow structure can carry them outward to comet-forming regions.

What carries the argument

The central diagnostic is the contrasting behavior of the 10-micron and 18-micron silicate features: the 10-micron feature traces hot inner-disk dust where annealing occurs, while the 18-micron feature traces cooler dust that would show pre-existing crystals if they were present. The crystallization argument relies on comparing the crystallization timescale, set by dust temperature and activation energy, with the residence timescale of grains in the disk; the nested atomic-jet/molecular-outflow morphology serves as the proposed transport mechanism for lifting crystals out of the inner disk.

What would settle it

A high-quality measurement of the 18-micron silicate band during the burst phase that finds crystalline forsterite or enstatite features at a level comparable to the 10-micron features would falsify the claim that the crystals formed only in the hot inner disk during the burst.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Comparing JWST MIRI spectra of the periodically bursting protostar EC 53 in its quiescent and burst phases, the authors detect crystalline silicate (forsterite and enstatite) emission features at 10 microns that appear only during the burst. They attribute these features to thermal annealing of amorphous silicates at temperatures above 900 K in the hot inner disk, and they argue the crystals are newly formed because the 18-micron band, which traces cooler disk regions, is reproduced by amorphous olivine alone. They also resolve a nested outflow structure—a collimated atomic jet enclosed by slower molecular outflows—consistent with MHD disk wind models, which provides a mechanism for outward

Load-bearing premise

The claim that the crystals are newly formed rests on the assumption that pre-existing crystals would have produced a detectable crystalline signal at 18 microns; the paper reports no upper limit on such a signal, and its disk model does not track whether quiescently formed crystals survive the burst.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If burst-driven annealing is the main crystallization channel, crystalline mass fractions in protoplanetary disks may be established early, during the embedded phase, rather than by later steady heating.
  • The proto-Sun plausibly experienced similar moderate bursts, offering a concrete pathway for producing the crystalline silicates found in comets and in Stardust samples from comet 81P/Wild 2.
  • The nested jet/outflow morphology gives a physically plausible route for moving freshly crystallized grains from the sub-au birth region outward to tens of au, the comet-forming zone.
  • Because EC 53's bursts are periodic and predictable, repeated burst-cycle observations could track whether crystals accumulate over many cycles or are destroyed and reset each time.
  • The comparison with EX Lup (rare large outbursts) and DQ Tau (no crystallization) outlines a continuum where the mineralogical outcome depends on time-integrated heating of the inner disk rather than the specific burst trigger.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The 18-micron test is the load-bearing diagnostic for 'newly formed' crystals, but the paper reports no quantitative upper limit on a crystalline contribution there; a self-consistent model that allows quiescently formed crystals to survive sublimation differently could change the inferred new-crystal fraction.
  • The outward transport is inferred from the observed nested outflow morphology and the EX Lup precedent, not from a direct detection of crystals in the outer disk; imaging or spectroscopy that catches transported forsterite at tens of au would close the loop.
  • The vertical mixing timescale used to argue for midplane enrichment assumes a viscosity parameter near 0.01 at the crystallization radius; if the actual turbulent transport is weaker, the crystals would remain in the surface layer and the midplane enrichment would be slower.
  • A testable extension is to re-observe EC 53 in a later burst cycle: reproducible 10-micron crystallinity would indicate a steady cycle, while a growing crystalline signal would show net accumulation of processed dust over bursts.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper presents JWST MIRI MRS spectra of the periodically bursting Class I protostar EC 53 obtained in quiescent and burst phases. The authors detect a 10 µm silicate emission feature that appears only during the burst and decompose it into amorphous olivine, pyroxene, and silica plus crystalline forsterite, enstatite, and quartz, with inferred crystalline mass fractions of ~33%, ~7%, and <0.5%, respectively. They argue that these crystals are newly formed by thermal annealing in the hot inner disk during the burst, because the 18 µm feature is fitted by amorphous olivine alone and because quiescently formed crystals are supposedly evaporated during the burst. They also present NIRCam/ALMA/MIRI images showing a nested jet/molecular-outflow morphology, which they interpret as an MHD disk wind that can transport the fresh crystals outward. The central claim is that episodic accretion bursts in an embedded Sun-like protostar directly crystallize silicates in situ and that the nested outflow provides a transport mechanism.

Significance. If the interpretation holds, this is the first direct observational evidence of in-situ silicate crystallization during an episodic accretion burst in an embedded protostar, and it would link burst-driven thermal processing to the crystalline silicates seen in comets and outer disks. The observing strategy is exemplary: the authors exploited the known periodicity of EC 53 to obtain time-constrained JWST observations of a full burst cycle, and they make the reduced data, fitting codes, and radiative-transfer models publicly available. The MCMC fitting and the use of a pre-existing RT model are reproducible. The main uncertainty is not the observational contrast but the conversion of that contrast into 'newly formed crystals' — a conversion that depends on the unmodeled differential sublimation of crystalline versus amorphous grains and on unquantified upper limits for pre-existing crystals. The paper is therefore significant, timely, and of high interest to the star-formation and planet-formation communities, but the central interpretive claim requires additional support.

major comments (3)
  1. [Methods §2.6 (Dust Continuum Radiative Transfer Model)] The authors explicitly state that 'the crystallinity of silicate grains was not treated separately in the dust opacity profiles' and that, if it were, 'the sublimation radii of crystalline and amorphous silicates could differ... Consequently, some crystalline silicates produced during the quiescent phase might survive through the burst phase.' This is load-bearing because the main text (p. 7) claims that 'most crystalline silicates formed during quiescence are evaporated during the burst.' The current model cannot support that claim. A self-consistent two-population sublimation calculation is needed; without it, the burst-phase 10 µm emission could arise from pre-existing quiescently formed crystals that survive and are heated, rather than from newly annealed grains.
  2. [Main text, paragraph after Fig. 1c; Extended Data Fig. 7] The argument that pre-existing crystals would have produced 18 µm features assumes those crystals reside in the cold outer disk, citing ref. [48] for T Tauri disks. But in a cyclical burster like EC 53, crystals from previous bursts could remain in the inner disk at sub-au radii; during the burst they would be heated above 900 K and emit at 10 µm without generating strong 18 µm features. The MCMC posteriors in Extended Data Fig. 7 show near-zero crystalline coefficients at 18 µm, but no 3σ upper limits are reported. Without a quantitative upper limit on 18 µm crystalline emission or a spatial/thermal argument excluding inner-disk survivors, the data do not uniquely force 'active crystal formation'; they are also consistent with a 'revelation' of previously annealed grains.
  3. [Methods §2.4 (Optical Depth Profile of Newly Emerging Silicate Emission)] The intrinsic burst spectrum is derived as F_intrinsic,Burst = F_observed,Burst × exp(τ_env,Quiescent), which assumes the envelope attenuation is identical in the two epochs. The authors support this by noting that ice absorption profiles are similar (Extended Data Fig. 3b). However, the 10 µm silicate absorption itself is visibly shallower in the burst phase (Extended Data Fig. 3a). If part of that change is due to a reduced foreground silicate optical depth in the envelope (e.g., sublimation or geometric effects), then the derived τ_emission would be overestimated, producing spurious 'emission' features. The paper should demonstrate, e.g., by fitting the burst-phase spectrum with envelope models allowing a variable τ_sil, that the difference is truly due to emergent emission rather than to a change in envelope attenuation.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Methods §2.1] The readout pattern is written as 'F ASTR1' in two places; this appears to be a typographical artifact for the JWST 'FAST' readout pattern. Please correct.
  2. [Code availability] The GitHub repository name contains a typo: 'Slicate' should be 'Silicate' in 'JKAS IRS Continuum fitting with Slicate'.
  3. [Fig. 1a] The axis label '[Fe II]a' appears to contain a stray superscript 'a'; also the listed line identifications could be clarified with a separate legend or table.
  4. [Main text, p. 4] The sentence 'EC 53 shows higher crystallinity than typical T Tauri stars (average 16%; [48])' would benefit from stating that the 16% refers to the same crystalline/amorphous ratio used here, to avoid ambiguity.
  5. [Methods §2.5] The statement that 'the larger enstatite grain size can be explained by the fact that, upon annealing, small pyroxene grains transform into a mixture of forsterite and silica' is plausible but would be strengthened by a quantitative reference to the annealing experiments.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the burst-phase silicate crystallinity is an observational fit, with the in-situ interpretation caveated but not constructed from its inputs.

full rationale

The derivation chain is not circular. The central empirical claim is a differential measurement: burst-phase MIRI spectra minus quiescent-phase spectra (after a standard envelope-optical-depth correction, Methods §2.4) show an excess at 10 μm; the excess is then decomposed with independent opacities from optool, yielding crystalline mass fractions (Fig. 1c, Extended Data Table 1). These are fitted parameters, not predictions from a model that already contains them. The crystallization-region calculation (Fig. 2) uses the authors' earlier RT model [42] and an adopted α=0.01, but it is not used to predict the observed 10 μm excess; it only contextualizes where annealing could occur. The 18 μm argument (Methods §2.5) is an inference that pre-existing crystals would also appear at 18 μm; it is not an equation that reduces to its own input, and the 18 μm fit is a separate spectral region. The paper itself flags the main robustness caveat in Methods §2.6: crystallinity was not treated separately in the dust opacity, and crystalline silicates could survive the burst because of differential sublimation; this is an admitted limitation that weakens the 'active crystal formation' interpretation, but it is a scientific-correctness concern, not circularity. Self-citations to [7], [42], [46] are supported by external data (JCMT light curve, SED/850-μm imaging, literature timescale formulas) and are not fitted to the target crystalline-feature observation. No fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction, and no claim is forced by a self-citation chain.

Assumptions & free parameters 7 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central detection rests on a chain of fitted/adopted quantities in the spectral decomposition and on interpretive assumptions about envelope constancy, the meaning of the 18 µm band, and the applicability of the disk model. The crystallization fractions and grain-size ranges are fitted to the same spectrum used to claim crystallization; the interpretive timescales use adopted α, M*, and activation energies from the literature. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (7)
  • Crystalline mass fractions (forsterite, enstatite, quartz) = 32.9+4.2/−4.1%; 7.4+4.6/−4.1%; 0.45+0.73/−0.34%
    MCMC linear-combination fit to the 10 µm optical depth profile; these coefficients are the evidence for crystallization but depend on assumed opacities and grain sizes.
  • Grain size distributions for silicate opacities = 0.1–2 µm (most species), 1–5 µm (enstatite), power-law index 3.5
    Chosen to reproduce the 10 µm feature; the larger enstatite size is introduced ad hoc and shifts the derived fraction.
  • DHS porosity parameters = max hollow-sphere volume fraction 0.99 (amorphous), 0.80 (crystalline)
    Adopted to simulate porosity; directly changes the synthesized opacity profiles and fitted fractions.
  • Carbon mass fraction in dust grains = 13%
    Assumed for synthesized opacities and envelope absorption model; affects continuum–silicate separation.
  • Inner-disk viscosity parameter α = 0.01 (intermediate; constraints ~0.3 inner, ~0.002 outer)
    Used to compute crystallization regions and vertical mixing timescales; the paper notes α=0.001 would shift the forsterite region by ~0.1 au.
  • Adopted stellar mass for mixing timescale = 0.5 M_sun
    Taken from a 'typical T Tauri star' [42] although the quoted minimum stellar mass is 0.3±0.1 M_sun; enters τ_vert,mix.
  • Continuum polynomial and smoothing parameters = 4th-order polynomial anchored at 7, 13, 24 µm; 30-point boxcar
    Data-reduction choices that determine the isolated silicate emission profile; alternative anchors would shift the derived optical depth.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption The envelope optical depth (silicate + ice) is identical in quiescent and burst phases, so the burst spectrum can be corrected using τ_env from quiescence.
    Stated in Methods §2.4; supported by unchanged ice absorption, but if envelope dust properties changed during the burst, the derived intrinsic burst spectrum and 'new emission' would be artifacts.
  • domain assumption If pre-existing crystalline silicates were present, they would produce detectable 18 µm crystalline features because crystallinity is similar in colder outer disk.
    Main text after Fig. 1 and Methods §2.5; this is the key premise separating newly-formed from pre-existing crystals. No detection upper limits are given.
  • domain assumption Laboratory crystallization timescales and activation energies [1,2] apply to grains in the EC 53 disk.
    Used to compute crystallization regions in Fig. 2; lab conditions may not capture all disk grain properties.
  • domain assumption The RADMC-3D disk temperature structure from Baek et al. [42] is accurate for EC 53 during both phases.
    Crystallization regions and sublimation radii are computed from this model; it is the authors' own prior SED fit and assumes no crystalline/amorphous sublimation differences (noted as a limitation in Methods §2.6).
  • domain assumption MHD disk-wind dust entrainment thresholds [9] are qualitatively applicable to EC 53's outflow.
    Methods §2.7 explicitly says absolute size thresholds are 'best regarded as qualitative guidance'; the transport interpretation depends on this applicability.
  • domain assumption The 10 µm silicate emission traces the hot inner disk surface while the 18 µm band traces cooler regions.
    Used to locate the crystals in the inner disk and to interpret the absence of crystalline signal at 18 µm as evidence against pre-existing crystals.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Accretion Burst Crystallizes Silicates in a Planet-Forming Disk." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/DO4CYCYH

@misc{pith2026260727765,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Accretion Burst Crystallizes Silicates in a Planet-Forming Disk},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/DO4CYCYH}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.27765}
}
read the original abstract

Crystalline silicates form at high temperatures (> 900 K; Fabian et al. 2000; Hallenbeck et al. 1998). Their presence in comets (Hanner et al. 1994; Hayward et al. 2000; Wooden et al. 2002; Shinnaka et al. 2018) suggests that high-temperature dust processing occurred in the early Solar System and was subsequently transported outward to comet-forming regions. However, direct evidence for this crystallization and redistribution in Sun-like protostars has remained elusive. By comparing James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) mid-infrared spectra of the periodically bursting protostar EC 53 (Lee et al. 2020), we detect crystalline silicate (forsterite and enstatite) emission features that appear only during the burst. The emergence of these features indicates active crystal formation via thermal annealing in the hot inner disk during the accretion burst. We also detect a nested outflow-a collimated atomic jet enclosed by slower molecular outflows, consistent with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wind models (Pascucci et al. 2025). This configuration provides a mechanism for outward transport of freshly crystallized silicates (Giacalone et al. 2019). Our results provide the first direct observational evidence of in-situ silicate crystallization during episodic accretion bursts in a very young star still embedded in its dense envelope. Although we do not directly detect grains transported to the outer disk, the observed trends are consistent with outward redistribution, indicating that both dust processing and transport occur during the earliest and most dynamic stages of star formation.

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

79 extracted references · 6 canonical work pages

  1. [48]

    Olofsson, J., Augereau, J.-C., van Dishoeck, E.F., Mer ´ ın, B., Grosso, N., M´ enard, F., Blake, G.A., Monin, J.-L.: C2D Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars. V. Spectral decomposition. Astron. & Astrophys.520, 39 (2010) https: //doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913909 arXiv:1007.0644 [astro-ph.SR]

    arXiv 2010

  2. [1]

    Fabian, D., J¨ ager, C., Henning, T., Dorschner, J., Mutschke, H.: Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. V. Thermal Evolution of Amorphous Magnesium Silicates and Silica. Astron. & Astrophys.364, 282–292 (2000)

    2000

  3. [2]

    Icarus131(1), 198–209 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1006/icar

    Hallenbeck, S.L., Nuth, J.A., Daukantas, P.L.: Mid-Infrared Spectral Evolution of Amorphous Magnesium Silicate Smokes Annealed in Vacuum: Comparison to Cometary Spectra. Icarus131(1), 198–209 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1006/icar. 1997.5854

    arXiv 1998

  4. [3]

    Astrophys

    Hanner, M.S., Lynch, D.K., Russell, R.W.: The 8–13 Micron Spectra of Comets and the Composition of Silicate Grains. Astrophys. J.425, 274 (1994) https: //doi.org/10.1086/173984 9

    doi:10.1086/173984 1994

  5. [4]

    Astrophys

    Hayward, T.L., Hanner, M.S., Sekanina, Z.: Thermal Infrared Imaging and Spec- troscopy of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Astrophys. J.538(1), 428–455 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1086/309117

    work page doi:10.1086/309117 1995

  6. [5]

    Earth Moon and Planets89(1), 247–287 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1021515023679

    Wooden, D.H.: Comet Grains: Their IR Emission and Their Relation to ISm Grains. Earth Moon and Planets89(1), 247–287 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1021515023679

    2002

  7. [6]

    Shinnaka, Y., Ootsubo, T., Kawakita, H., Yamaguchi, M., Honda, M., Watanabe, J.-i.: Mid-infrared Spectroscopic Observations of Comet 17P/Holmes Immediately After Its Great Outburst in 2007 October. Astron. J.156(5), 242 (2018) https: //doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aadfea arXiv:1808.07606 [astro-ph.EP]

    arXiv 2007

  8. [7]

    Astrophys

    Lee, Y.-H., Johnstone, D., Lee, J.-E., Herczeg, G., Mairs, S., Varricatt, W., Hodapp, K.W., Naylor, T., Pe˜ na, C.C., Baek, G., Haas, M., Chini, R., JCMT Transient Team: Young Faithful: The Eruptions of EC 53 as It Cycles through Filling and Draining the Inner Disk. Astrophys. J.903(1), 5 (2020) https: //doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb6fe arXiv:2009.05268 [...

    arXiv 2020

Show all 79 references
  1. [8]

    Nature Astronomy9, 81–89 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41550-024-02385-7 arXiv:2410.18033 [astro-ph.EP]

    Pascucci, I., Beck, T.L., Cabrit, S., Bajaj, N.S., Edwards, S., Louvet, F., Najita, J.R., Skinner, B.N., Gorti, U., Salyk, C., Brittain, S.D., Krijt, S., Muzerolle Page, J., Ruaud, M., Schwarz, K., Semenov, D., Duchˆ ene, G., Villenave, M.: The nested morphology of disk winds ...

    2025 arXiv

  2. [9]

    Astrophys

    Giacalone, S., Teitler, S., K¨ onigl, A., Krijt, S., Ciesla, F.J.: Dust Transport and Processing in Centrifugally Driven Protoplanetary Disk Winds. Astrophys. J. 882(1), 33 (2019) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab311a arXiv:1907.04961 [astro-ph.SR]

    2019 arXiv

  3. [10]

    Astrophys

    Lee, J.-E., Bergin, E.A., Nomura, H.: The Solar Nebula on Fire: A Solution to the Carbon Deficit in the Inner Solar System. Astrophys. J. Lett.710(1), 21– 25 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L21 arXiv:1001.0818 [astro- ph.GA]

    2010 arXiv

  4. [11]

    Astrophys

    Anderson, D.E., Bergin, E.A., Blake, G.A., Ciesla, F.J., Visser, R., Lee, J.- E.: Destruction of Refractory Carbon in Protoplanetary Disks. Astrophys. J. 845(1), 13 (2017) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa7da1 arXiv:1707.08982 [astro-ph.EP]

    2017 arXiv

  5. [12]

    Bouwman, J., Meeus, G., de Koter, A., Hony, S., Dominik, C., Waters, L.B.F.M.: Processing of silicate dust grains in Herbig Ae/Be systems. Astron. & Astrophys. 375, 950–962 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20010878

    2001 doi

  6. [13]

    van Boekel, R., Waters, L.B.F.M., Dominik, C., Bouwman, J., de Koter, A., Dullemond, C.P., Paresce, F.: Grain growth in the inner regions of Herbig Ae/Be 10 star disks. Astron. & Astrophys.400, 21–24 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1051/ 0004-6361:20030141

    2003

  7. [14]

    van Boekel, R., Min, M., Waters, L.B.F.M., de Koter, A., Dominik, C., van den Ancker, M.E., Bouwman, J.: A 10µm spectroscopic survey of Herbig Ae star disks: Grain growth and crystallization. Astron. & Astrophys.437(1), 189–208 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20042339...

    2005 arXiv

  8. [15]

    Astro- phys

    Juh´ asz, A., Bouwman, J., Henning, T., Acke, B., van den Ancker, M.E., Meeus, G., Dominik, C., Min, M., Tielens, A.G.G.M., Waters, L.B.F.M.: Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks Around Herbig Ae/Be Stars—the Spitzer View. Astro- phys. J.721(1), 431–455 (2010) https://doi.or...

    2010 arXiv

  9. [16]

    Meeus, G., Sterzik, M., Bouwman, J., Natta, A.: Mid-IR spectroscopy of T Tauri stars in Chamealeon I: Evidence for processed dust at the earliest stages. Astron. & Astrophys.409, 25–29 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031300 arXiv:astro-ph/0309697 [astro-ph]

    2003 arXiv

  10. [17]

    Nature 459(7244), 224–226 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08004 arXiv:0906.3161 [astro-ph.SR]

    ´Abrah´ am, P., Juh´ asz, A., Dullemond, C.P., K´ osp´ al,´A., van Boekel, R., Bouwman, J., Henning, T., Mo´ or, A., Mosoni, L., Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Sipos, N.: Episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young Sun-like star. Nature 459(7244), 224–226 (2009) h...

    2009 arXiv

  11. [18]

    II, Geers, V., Knez, C., Monin, J.-L., Pontoppidan, K.: C2D Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars

    Olofsson, J., Augereau, J.-C., van Dishoeck, E.F., Mer ´ ın, B., Lahuis, F., Kessler- Silacci, J., Dullemond, C.P., Oliveira, I., Blake, G.A., Boogert, A.C.A., Brown, J.M., Evans, N.J. II, Geers, V., Knez, C., Monin, J.-L., Pontoppidan, K.: C2D Spitzer-IRS spectra of disks aro...

    2009 arXiv

  12. [19]

    Astrophys

    Furlan, E., Luhman, K.L., Espaillat, C., D’Alessio, P., Adame, L., Manoj, P., Kim, K.H., Watson, D.M., Forrest, W.J., McClure, M.K., Calvet, N., Sargent, B.A., Green, J.D., Fischer, W.J.: The Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Survey of T Tauri Stars in Taurus. Astrophys. J. Suppl....

    2011

  13. [20]

    Jang, H., Waters, R., Kaeufer, T., Tamanai, A., Perotti, G., Christiaens, V., Kamp, I., Henning, T., Min, M., Arabhavi, A.M., Barrado, D., van Dishoeck, E.F., Gasman, D., Grant, S.L., G¨ udel, M., Lagage, P.-O., Lahuis, F., Schwarz, K., Tabone, B., Temmink, M.: Dust mineralogy...

    2024 arXiv

  14. [21]

    Science310(5749), 834–836 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118042 arXiv:astro-ph/0511420 [astro-ph]

    Apai, D., Pascucci, I., Bouwman, J., Natta, A., Henning, T., Dullemond, C.P.: 11 The Onset of Planet Formation in Brown Dwarf Disks. Science310(5749), 834–836 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118042 arXiv:astro-ph/0511420 [astro-ph]

    2005 arXiv

  15. [22]

    In: Biazzo, K., Bozza, V., Mancini, L., Sozzetti, A

    Raymond, S.N., Morbidelli, A.: Planet Formation: Key Mechanisms and Global Models. In: Biazzo, K., Bozza, V., Mancini, L., Sozzetti, A. (eds.) Demographics of Exoplanetary Systems, Lecture Notes of the 3rd Advanced School on Exoplan- etary Science. Astrophysics and Space Scien...

    2022 doi

  16. [23]

    Nuth, J.A., Johnson, N.M.: Crystalline silicates in comets: How did they form? Icarus180(1), 243–250 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.003

    2006 doi

  17. [24]

    Interpretation from the Herschel DIGIT programme

    Maaskant, K.M., de Vries, B.L., Min, M., Waters, L.B.F.M., Dominik, C., Molster, F., Tielens, A.G.G.M.: Location and sizes of forsterite grains in protoplanetary disks. Interpretation from the Herschel DIGIT programme. Astron. & Astrophys. 574, 140 (2015) https://doi.org/10.10...

    2015 arXiv

  18. [25]

    & Astrophys.331, 121–146 (1998)

    Pilipp, W., Hartquist, T.W., Morfill, G.E., Levy, E.H.: Chondrule formation by lightning in the Protosolar Nebula? Astron. & Astrophys.331, 121–146 (1998)

    1998

  19. [26]

    Astrophys

    Harker, D.E., Desch, S.J.: Annealing of Silicate Dust by Nebular Shocks at 10 AU. Astrophys. J. Lett.565(2), 109–112 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1086/339363 arXiv:astro-ph/0112494 [astro-ph]

    2002 arXiv

  20. [27]

    Astrophys

    Bae, J., Hartmann, L., Zhu, Z., Nelson, R.P.: Accretion Outbursts in Self- gravitating Protoplanetary Disks. Astrophys. J.795(1), 61 (2014) https://doi. org/10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/61 arXiv:1409.3891 [astro-ph.SR]

    2014 arXiv

  21. [28]

    Astrophys

    Park, W., Lee, J.-E., Contreras Pe˜ na, C., Johnstone, D., Herczeg, G., Lee, S., Lee, S., Bhardwaj, A., Moriarty-Schieven, G.H.: Quantifying Variability of Young Stellar Objects in the Mid-infrared Over 6 Years with the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. As...

    2021 arXiv

  22. [29]

    Astro- phys

    Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Bouwman, J., Juh´ asz, A., Henning, T., Roccatagliata, V., Lawson, W.A., Acke, B., Feigelson, E.D., Tielens, A.G.G.M., Decin, L., Meeus, G.: The Long-Lived Disks in theηChamaeleontis Cluster. Astro- phys. J.701(2), 1188–1203 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1088/...

    2009 arXiv

  23. [30]

    Astrophys

    Oliveira, I., Olofsson, J., Pontoppidan, K.M., van Dishoeck, E.F., Augereau, J.- C., Mer ´ ın, B.: On the Evolution of Dust Mineralogy, from Protoplanetary Disks to Planetary Systems. Astrophys. J.734(1), 51 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1088/ 0004-637X/734/1/51 arXiv:1104.3574 [a...

    2011 arXiv

  24. [31]

    Astrophys

    Quanz, S.P., Henning, T., Bouwman, J., van Boekel, R., Juh´ asz, A., Linz, H., Pontoppidan, K.M., Lahuis, F.: Evolution of Dust and Ice Features around FU Orionis Objects. Astrophys. J.668(1), 359–383 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1086/ 521219 arXiv:0706.3593 [astro-ph]

    2007 arXiv

  25. [32]

    II, Garrod, R.T., Jin, M., Kim, C.H., Kim, J., Lee, J.-E., Sakai, N., Shingledecker, C.N., Shope, B., Tobin, J.J., van Dishoeck, E.F.: CORINOS

    Yang, Y.-L., Green, J.D., Pontoppidan, K.M., Bergner, J.B., Cleeves, L.I., Evans, N.J. II, Garrod, R.T., Jin, M., Kim, C.H., Kim, J., Lee, J.-E., Sakai, N., Shingledecker, C.N., Shope, B., Tobin, J.J., van Dishoeck, E.F.: CORINOS. I. JWST/MIRI Spectroscopy and Imaging of a Cla...

    2022 arXiv

  26. [33]

    Nature Astronomy3, 314–319 (2019) https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0680-0 arXiv:1809.00353 [astro-ph.SR]

    Lee, J.-E., Lee, S., Baek, G., Aikawa, Y., Cieza, L., Yoon, S.-Y., Herczeg, G., Johnstone, D., Casassus, S.: The ice composition in the disk around V883 Ori revealed by its stellar outburst. Nature Astronomy3, 314–319 (2019) https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0680-0 arXiv:180...

    2019 arXiv

  27. [34]

    Astrophys

    Lee, J.-E., Baek, G., Lee, S., Jeong, J.-H., Kim, C.-H., Aikawa, Y., Herczeg, G.J., Johnstone, D., Tobin, J.J.: Complex Organic Molecules in a Very Young Hot Corino, HOPS 373SW. Astrophys. J.956(1), 43 (2023) https://doi.org/10. 3847/1538-4357/ace34b arXiv:2306.16959 [astro-ph.SR]

    2023 arXiv

  28. [35]

    Astrophys

    Lee, J.-E., Evans, N.J., Baek, G., Kim, C.-H., Noh, J., Yang, Y.-L.: A Natural Laboratory for Astrochemistry: The Variable Protostar B335. Astrophys. J. Lett. 978(1), 3 (2025) https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad841f arXiv:2410.05904 [astro-ph.SR]

    2025 arXiv

  29. [36]

    Nature493(7432), 378–380 (2013) https://doi.org/10

    Muzerolle, J., Furlan, E., Flaherty, K., Balog, Z., Gutermuth, R.: Pulsed accretion in a variable protostar. Nature493(7432), 378–380 (2013) https://doi.org/10. 1038/nature11746 arXiv:1301.5921 [astro-ph.SR]

    2013 arXiv

  30. [37]

    Astrophys

    Yoo, H., Lee, J.-E., Mairs, S., Johnstone, D., Herczeg, G.J., Kang, S.-j., Kang, M., Cho, J., JCMT Transient Team: The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of Sub- millimeter Variability in a Class I Protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main. Astrophys. J. 849(1), 69 (2017) https://doi.org/...

    2017 arXiv

  31. [38]

    II, Brice˜ no, C., Tobin, J.J., Galli, P.A.B., Gudehus, D.: The Gould’s Belt Distances Survey (GOBELINS)

    Ortiz-Le´ on, G.N., Loinard, L., Kounkel, M.A., Dzib, S.A., Mioduszewski, A.J., Rodr ´ ıguez, L.F., Torres, R.M., Gonz´ alez-L´ opezlira, R.A., Pech, G., Rivera, J.L., Hartmann, L., Boden, A.F., Evans, N.J. II, Brice˜ no, C., Tobin, J.J., Galli, P.A.B., Gudehus, D.: The Gould’...

    2017 arXiv

  32. [39]

    Hodapp, K.W.: Proper Motions of H 2 Jets and Variability of Young Stars in the Serpens NW Region. Astron. J.118(3), 1338–1346 (1999) https://doi.org/10. 13 1086/301003

    1999

  33. [40]

    Astrophys

    Hodapp, K.W., Chini, R., Watermann, R., Lemke, R.: Eruptive Variable Stars and Outflows in Serpens NW. Astrophys. J.744(1), 56 (2012) https://doi.org/ 10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/56 arXiv:1109.3728 [astro-ph.SR]

    2012 arXiv

  34. [41]

    Astrophys

    Francis, L., Johnstone, D., Lee, J.-E., Herczeg, G.J., Long, F., Mairs, S., Con- treras Pe˜ na, C., Moriarty-Schieven, G., JCMT Transient Team: Accretion Burst Echoes as Probes of Protostellar Environments and Episodic Mass Assem- bly. Astrophys. J.937(1), 29 (2022) https://do...

    2022 arXiv

  35. [42]

    Astrophys

    Baek, G., MacFarlane, B.A., Lee, J.-E., Stamatellos, D., Herczeg, G., Johnstone, D., Pe˜ na, C.C., Varricatt, W., Hodapp, K.W., Chen, H.-R.V., Kang, S.-J.: Radia- tive Transfer Modeling of EC 53: An Episodically Accreting Class I Young Stellar Object. Astrophys. J.895(1), 27 (...

    2020 arXiv

  36. [43]

    Astrophys

    Lee, S., Lee, J.-E., Aikawa, Y., Herczeg, G., Johnstone, D.: The Circum- stellar Environment around the Embedded Protostar EC 53. Astrophys. J. 889(1), 20 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5a7e arXiv:1911.10318 [astro-ph.SR]

    2020 arXiv

  37. [44]

    Astrophys

    Bonnell, I., Bastien, P.: A Binary Origin for FU Orionis Stars. Astrophys. J. Lett. 401, 31 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1086/186663

    1992 doi

  38. [45]

    Nayakshin, S., Lodato, G.: Fu Ori outbursts and the planet-disc mass exchange. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.426(1), 70–90 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2966.2012.21612.x arXiv:1110.6316 [astro-ph.EP]

    2012

  39. [46]

    Jang, H., Waters, R., Kamp, I., Dullemond, C.P.: Spatial distribution of crys- talline silicates in protoplanetary disks: How to interpret mid-infrared observa- tions. Astron. & Astrophys.687, 275 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/ 202348630 arXiv:2405.00375 [astro-ph.EP]

    2024 arXiv

  40. [47]

    Dominik, C., Min, M., Tazaki, R.: OpTool: Command-line Driven Tool for Creating Complex Dust Opacities

  41. [49]

    Astrophys

    Lu, C.X., Chen, C.H., Sargent, B.A., Watson, D.M., Lisse, C.M., Green, J.D., Sitko, M.L., Mittal, T., Lebouteiller, V., Sloan, G.C., Rebollido, I., Hines, D.C., Girard, J.H., Werner, M.W., Stapelfeldt, K.R., Wu, W., Worthen, K.: Trends in Silicates in theβPictoris Disk. Astrop...

    2022 arXiv

  42. [50]

    Astrophys

    Lenzuni, P., Gail, H.-P., Henning, T.: Dust Evaporation in Protostellar Cores. Astrophys. J.447, 848 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1086/175922

    1995 doi

  43. [51]

    J.972(1), 5 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ ad5a02 arXiv:2406.13084 [astro-ph.SR]

    Green, J.D., Pontoppidan, K.M., Reiter, M., Watson, D.M., Shenoy, S.S., Manoj, P., Narang, M.: Why Are (Almost) All the Protostellar Outflows Aligned in Ser- pens Main? Astrophys. J.972(1), 5 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ ad5a02 arXiv:2406.13084 [astro-ph.SR]

    2024 arXiv

  44. [52]

    Science271(5255), 1545–1552 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5255

    Shu, F.H., Shang, H., Lee, T.: Toward an Astrophysical Theory of Chondrites. Science271(5255), 1545–1552 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5255. 1545

    1996 doi

  45. [53]

    Astrophys

    Shu, F.H., Shang, H., Gounelle, M., Glassgold, A.E., Lee, T.: The Origin of Chon- drules and Refractory Inclusions in Chondritic Meteorites. Astrophys. J.548(2), 1029–1050 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1086/319018

    2001 doi

  46. [54]

    Astrophys

    Juh´ asz, A., Dullemond, C.P., van Boekel, R., Bouwman, J.,´Abrah´ am, P., Acosta- Pulido, J.A., Henning, T., K´ osp´ al, A., Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Jones, A., Mo´ or, A., Mosoni, L., Reg´ aly, Z., Szokoly, G., Sipos, N.: The 2008 Outburst of EX Lup—Silicate Crystals in Motion. ...

    2008 arXiv

  47. [55]

    Cecil, M., Flock, M.: Variability of the inner dead zone edge in 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Astron. & Astrophys.692, 171 (2024) https://doi. org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451175 arXiv:2411.05444 [astro-ph.EP]

    2024 arXiv

  48. [56]

    arXiv e-prints, 2508–19701 (2025) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv

    K´ osp´ al,´A., ´Abrah´ am, P., Akimkin, V.V., Chen, L., Forbrich, J., Getman, K.V., Portilla-Revelo, B., Semenov, D., van Terwisga, S.E., Varga, J., Zwicky, L., Bal´ azs, G.G., Bora, Z., Horti-D´ avid,´A., Jo´ o, A.P., Og loza, W., Seli, B., Siwak, M., S´ odor,´A., Tak´ acs, ...

    2025 doi

  49. [57]

    Zagaria, F., Clarke, C.J., Rosotti, G.P., Manara, C.F.: Stellar multiplicity affects the correlation between protoplanetary disc masses and accretion rates: binaries explain high accretors in Upper Sco. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.512(3), 3538– 3550 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1093...

    2022 arXiv

  50. [58]

    Astrophys

    Green, J.D., Hartmann, L., Calvet, N., Watson, D.M., Ibrahimov, M., Furlan, E., Sargent, B., Forrest, W.J.: Spitzer IRS Observations of FU Orionis Objects. Astrophys. J.648(2), 1099–1109 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1086/ 505932 arXiv:astro-ph/0605365 [astro-ph]

    2006 arXiv

  51. [59]

    Astro- phys

    K´ osp´ al,´A., ´Abrah´ am, P., Carmona, A., Chen, L., Green, J.D., van Boekel, R., 15 White, J.A.: Grain Growth in Newly Discovered Young Eruptive Stars. Astro- phys. J. Lett.895(2), 48 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab93d4 arXiv:2005.09364 [astro-ph.SR]

    2020 arXiv

  52. [60]

    Glauser, A.M., G¨ udel, M., Watson, D.M., Henning, T., Schegerer, A.A., Wolf, S., Audard, M., Baldovin-Saavedra, C.: Dust amorphization in protoplanetary disks. Astron. & Astrophys.508(1), 247–257 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1051/ 0004-6361/200912087 arXiv:0909.3183 [astro-ph.SR]

    2009 arXiv

  53. [61]

    In: Inutsuka, S., Aikawa, Y., Muto, T., Tomida, K., Tamura, M

    Fischer, W.J., Hillenbrand, L.A., Herczeg, G.J., Johnstone, D., Kospal, A., Dun- ham, M.M.: Accretion Variability as a Guide to Stellar Mass Assembly. In: Inutsuka, S., Aikawa, Y., Muto, T., Tomida, K., Tamura, M. (eds.) Protostars and Planets VII. Astronomical Society of the ...

    2023 doi arXiv

  54. [62]

    Astrophys

    Mairs, S., Lee, S., Johnstone, D., Broughton, C., Lee, J.-E., Herczeg, G.J., Bell, G.S., Chen, Z., Contreras-Pe˜ na, C., Francis, L., Hatchell, J., Kim, M.-R., Liu, S.- Y., Park, G., Qiu, K., Wang, Y.-T., Zhang, X., JCMT Transient Team: The JCMT Transient Survey: Six Year Summ...

    2024 arXiv

  55. [63]

    https: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7577320

    Bushouse, H., Eisenhamer, J., Dencheva, N., Davies, J., Greenfield, P., Morrison, J., Hodge, P., Simon, B., Grumm, D., Droettboom, M., Slavich, E., Sosey, M., Pauly, T., Miller, T., Jedrzejewski, R., Hack, W., Davis, D., Crawford, S., Law, D., Gordon, K., Regan, M., Cara, M., ...

    doi

  56. [64]

    Astronomy and Computing16, 41–53 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ascom.2016.04.001

    Greenfield, P., Miller, T.: The Calibration Reference Data System. Astronomy and Computing16, 41–53 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ascom.2016.04.001

    2016 doi

  57. [65]

    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13989456

    Bradley, L., Sip˝ ocz, B., Robitaille, T., Tollerud, E., Vin ´ ıcius, Z., Deil, C., Bar- bary, K., Wilson, T.J., Busko, I., Donath, A., G¨ unther, H.M., Cara, M., Lim, P.L., Meßlinger, S., Conseil, S., Burnett, Z., Bostroem, A., Droettboom, M., Bray, E.M., Bratholm, L.A., Gins...

    doi

  58. [66]

    Law, D.R., E. Morrison, J., Argyriou, I., Patapis, P., ´Alvarez-M´ arquez, J., Labiano, A., Vandenbussche, B.: A 3D Drizzle Algorithm for JWST and Prac- tical Application to the MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer. Astron. J. 22 166(2), 45 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3...

    2023 arXiv

  59. [67]

    Journal of Korean Astronomical Society58, 111–129 (2025) https: //doi.org/10.5303/JKAS.2025.58.1.111 arXiv:2505.05390 [astro-ph.SR]

    Kim, J., Lee, J.-E., Kim, C.-H., Jeong, W.-S., Yang, Y.-L.: Near- to Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Ice Analysis Using the AKARI/IRC and Spitzer/IRS Spectra. Journal of Korean Astronomical Society58, 111–129 (2025) https: //doi.org/10.5303/JKAS.2025.58.1.111 arXiv:2505.05...

    2025 arXiv

  60. [68]

    Astrophys

    Mathis, J.S., Rumpl, W., Nordsieck, K.H.: The size distribution of interstellar grains. Astrophys. J.217, 425–433 (1977) https://doi.org/10.1086/155591

    1977 doi

  61. [69]

    Robitaille, T.P., Whitney, B.A., Indebetouw, R., Wood, K., Denzmore, P.: Inter- preting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A Grid of 200,000 YSO Model SEDs. Astrophys. J. Suppl.167(2), 256–285 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1086/508424 arXiv:astro-ph/06082...

    2006 arXiv

  62. [70]

    Mid-infrared properties of corundum, spinel, andα-quartz, potential carriers of the 13µm feature

    Zeidler, S., Posch, T., Mutschke, H.: Optical constants of refractory oxides at high temperatures. Mid-infrared properties of corundum, spinel, andα-quartz, potential carriers of the 13µm feature. Astron. & Astrophys.553, 81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220459

    2013 doi

  63. [71]

    Each dust grain is set to include a carbon component with a mass fraction of 13 %

    with a maximum inner volume fraction of hollow spheres of 0.99 for amorphous silicates, and 0.80 for crystalline silicates. Each dust grain is set to include a carbon component with a mass fraction of 13 %. For each synthesized silicate opacity, a baseline was fitted using the...

    2022

  64. [72]

    Min, M., Hovenier, J.W., de Koter, A.: Modeling optical properties of cosmic dust grains using a distribution of hollow spheres. Astron. & Astrophys.432(3), 909– 920 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041920 arXiv:astro-ph/0503068 [astro-ph]

    2005 arXiv

  65. [73]

    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10676584

    Erb, D.: pybaselines: A Python Library of Algorithms for the Baseline Correction of Experimental Data. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10676584

    doi

  66. [74]

    Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D.W., Lang, D., Goodman, J.: emcee: The MCMC Hammer. Pub. Astron. Soc. Pacific125(925), 306 (2013) https://doi.org/10. 1086/670067 arXiv:1202.3665 [astro-ph.IM]

    2013 arXiv

  67. [75]

    The Journal of Open Source Software1, 24 (2016) https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00024

    Foreman-Mackey, D.: corner.py: Scatterplot matrices in Python. The Journal of Open Source Software1, 24 (2016) https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00024

    2016 doi

  68. [76]

    Klarmann, L., Ormel, C.W., Dominik, C.: Radial and vertical dust transport inhibit refractory carbon depletion in protoplanetary disks. Astron. & Astrophys. 618, 1 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833719 arXiv:1809.01648 [astro-ph.EP]

    2018 arXiv

  69. [77]

    Dullemond, C.P., Juhasz, A., Pohl, A., Sereshti, F., Shetty, R., Peters, T., Commercon, B., Flock, M.: RADMC-3D: A Multi-purpose Radiative Transfer Tool

  70. [78]

    Dullemond, C.P., Monnier, J.D.: The Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.48, 205–239 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1146/ 23 annurev-astro-081309-130932 arXiv:1006.3485 [astro-ph.SR] Acknowledgements.This work is based on observations made with the NAS...

    2010 arXiv

  71. [79]

    Flux uncertainty is negligible compared to the observed flux

    (a)The spectra of EC 53 were observed in the quiescent (blue) and burst (red) phases. Flux uncertainty is negligible compared to the observed flux. The quiescent-phase spectrum is scaled to match the burst-phase spectrum. The continuum was determined using a fourth-order polyn...

    2000

Pith tools

Reviewed August 1, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.