Modular S₄ Models of Lepton Masses and Mixing

We investigate models of charged lepton and neutrino masses and lepton mixing based on broken modular symmetry. The matter fields in these models are assumed to transform in irreducible representations of the finite modular group $\Gamma_4 \simeq S_4$. We analyse the minimal scenario in which the only source of symmetry breaking is the vacuum expectation value of the modulus field. In this scenario there is no need to introduce flavon fields. Using the basis for the lowest weight modular forms found earlier, we build minimal phenomenologically viable models in which the neutrino masses are generated via the type I seesaw mechanism. While successfully accommodating charged lepton masses, neutrino mixing angles and mass-squared differences, these models predict the values of the lightest neutrino mass (i.e., the absolute neutrino mass scale), of the Dirac and Majorana CP violation (CPV) phases, as well as specific correlations between the values of the atmospheric neutrino mixing parameter $\sin^2\theta_{23}$ and i) the Dirac CPV phase $\delta$, ii) the sum of the neutrino masses, and iii) the effective Majorana mass in neutrinoless double beta decay. We consider also the case of residual symmetries $\mathbb{Z}^{ST}_3$ and $\mathbb{Z}^S_2$ respectively in the charged lepton and neutrino sectors, corresponding to specific vacuum expectation values of the modulus.