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Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular Dynamics (PHQMD) -- A Novel Microscopic N-Body Transport Approach for Heavy-Ion Collisions, Dynamical Cluster Formation and Hypernuclei Production
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abstract
Cluster and hypernuclei production in heavy-ion collisions is presently under active experimental and theoretical investigation. Since clusters are weekly bound objects, their production is very sensitive to the dynamical evolution of the system and its interactions. The theoretical description of cluster formation is related to the n-body problem. Here we present the novel n-body dynamical transport approach PHQMD (Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular Dynamics) which is designed to provide a microscopic description of nuclear cluster and hypernucleus formation as well as of general particle production in heavy-ion reactions at relativistic energies. In difference to the coalescence or statistical models, often used for the cluster formation, in PHQMD clusters are formed dynamically due to the interactions between baryons described on a basis of Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD)which allows to propagate the n-body Wigner density and n-body correlations in phase-space, essential for the cluster formation. The clusters are identified by the MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) or the SACA ('Simulated Annealing Cluster Algorithm') algorithm which finds the most bound configuration of nucleons and clusters. Collisions among hadrons as well as Quark-Gluon-Plasma formation and parton dynamics in PHQMD are treated in the same way as in the established PHSD (Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics)transport approach. In order to verify our approach with respect to the general dynamics we present here the first PHQMD results for general 'bulk' observables such as rapidity distributions and transverse mass spectra for hadrons ($\pi, K, \bar K, p, \bar p, \Lambda, \bar \Lambda$) from SIS to RHIC energies. We find a good description of the 'bulk' dynamics which allows us to proceed with the results on cluster production, including hypernuclei.
Forward citations
Cited by 9 Pith papers
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Poincar\'e covariant quantum molecular dynamics: a covariant description of a system of interacting wave packets
The authors derive Poincaré-covariant mean-field equations of motion for relativistic QMD and show they match Monte-Carlo integration of the exact forces in heavy-ion collisions.
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Probing (Hyper)Nuclei Wave Functions and Production Mechanisms in $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=200$ GeV Isobar Collisions at RHIC
Isobar collision yields of ³_ΛH and light nuclei favor coalescence with non-Gaussian hypertriton wave functions that carry enhanced short-distance d–Λ probability, inconsistent with a Gaussian ansatz tied to the measu...
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Space-time regions of high baryon density and baryon stopping in heavy-ion collisions
3FD hydrodynamics predicts larger and longer-lived regions of dense baryon matter in Au+Au collisions at 3–19.6 GeV than JAM transport, with V4(3n0) decreasing monotonically with energy.
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Investigation of the Spectator Effect on Light Nuclei Production in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at High Baryon Density Region
Spectator nucleons enhance low-pT light-nucleus production in peripheral, forward-rapidity 3 GeV Au+Au collisions, so pT-integrated yields obtained by Blast-Wave extrapolation are underestimated.
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Probing of EoS with clusters and hypernuclei
Using the PHQMD transport model, the paper shows that a soft momentum-dependent nuclear equation of state reproduces most STAR 3 GeV Au+Au data for baryons, clusters and hypernuclei, while a hard equation of state giv...
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Directed Flow of Protons and Deuterons in Xe+Cs(I) Collisions: Preliminary BM@N Data and THESEUS Modeling
Comparing preliminary BM@N proton and deuteron directed flow with THESEUS shows good proton agreement and a slight deuteron overestimation, tentatively supporting thermodynamic light-nucleus formation.
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Wigner Phase-Space Densities of Nuclear Clusters and Hypernuclei
The authors calculate Wigner phase-space densities for clusters from deuteron to double-Lambda hyperhelium using hyperspherical-harmonic solutions of the Schrödinger equation.
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Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
A review of three Bayesian/computational frameworks for combining heavy-ion and astrophysical constraints on the dense-matter equation of state, plus a proposed unified integration workflow.
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Study on the equation-of-state with light clusters and hypernuclei
A review of transport-model constraints on the nuclear equation of state from flow of protons, light clusters, and hypernuclei, concluding that soft momentum-dependent potentials fit few-GeV data best.
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