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NaturalProofs: Mathematical Theorem Proving in Natural Language

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arxiv 2104.01112 v2 pith:VN54YM3H submitted 2021-03-24 cs.IR cs.LG

classification cs.IRcs.LG
keywords mathematicalnaturalproofslanguagenaturalchallengingcoveragegeneralizationmethods
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Understanding and creating mathematics using natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - is a challenging and important problem for driving progress in machine learning. As a step in this direction, we develop NaturalProofs, a multi-domain corpus of mathematical statements and their proofs, written in natural mathematical language. NaturalProofs unifies broad coverage, deep coverage, and low-resource mathematical sources, allowing for evaluating both in-distribution and zero-shot generalization. Using NaturalProofs, we benchmark strong neural methods on mathematical reference retrieval and generation tasks which test a system's ability to determine key results that appear in a proof. Large-scale sequence models show promise compared to classical information retrieval methods, yet their performance and out-of-domain generalization leave substantial room for improvement. NaturalProofs opens many avenues for research on challenging mathematical tasks.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. AdvancedMathBench: A Benchmark Suite for Advanced Mathematical Proof Generation and Verification

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.5 of 10

    A 245-problem advanced proof benchmark plus 888 expert-labeled trajectories shows frontier LLMs remain far from reliable advanced proof generation and verification.

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    A reinforcement learning framework improves autoformalization without labeled data by rewarding outputs that pass Lean syntax and LLM consistency checks.

  3. CriticLean: Critic-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Mathematical Formalization

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A critic model trained with reinforcement learning judges semantic correctness of Lean 4 formalizations, and using it as a filter sharply improves autoformalization accuracy.

  4. Integrating External Tools with Large Language Models to Improve Accuracy

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    A tool-augmented LLM framework, Athena, reports 83% math and 88% science accuracy on small MMLU subsets, beating GPT-4o, LLaMA-Large, Mistral-Large, Phi-Large, and GPT-3.5.

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