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Growing Pains: Understanding the Impact of Likelihood Uncertainty on Hierarchical Bayesian Inference for Gravitational-Wave Astronomy

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arxiv 2304.06138 v2 pith:6PXUXESY submitted 2023-04-12 astro-ph.IM gr-qcphysics.data-an

classification astro-ph.IMgr-qcphysics.data-an
keywords uncertaintycarlomonteanalysesbiasbinariesframeworkfundamental
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Observations of gravitational waves emitted by merging compact binaries have provided tantalising hints about stellar astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. However, the physical parameters describing the systems, (mass, spin, distance) used to extract these inferences about the Universe are subject to large uncertainties. The most widely-used method of performing these analyses requires performing many Monte Carlo integrals to marginalise over the uncertainty in the properties of the individual binaries and the survey selection bias. These Monte Carlo integrals are subject to fundamental statistical uncertainties. Previous treatments of this statistical uncertainty has focused on ensuring the precision of the inferred inference is unaffected, however, these works have neglected the question of whether sufficient accuracy can also be achieved. In this work, we provide a practical exploration of the impact of uncertainty in our analyses and provide a suggested framework for verifying that astrophysical inferences made with the gravitational-wave transient catalogue are accurate. Applying our framework to models used by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration and in the wider literature, we find that Monte Carlo uncertainty in estimating the survey selection bias is the limiting factor in our ability to probe narrow population models and this will rapidly grow more problematic as the size of the observed population increases.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. When (not) to trust Monte Carlo approximations for hierarchical Bayesian inference

    astro-ph.HE 2025-09 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A unified error statistic E-hat measures information lost to Monte Carlo noise in hierarchical Bayesian inference, with a recommended cutoff of 0.2 bits.

  2. Fortifying gravitational-wave population inference with normalizing flows

    astro-ph.HE 2026-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Representing each gravitational-wave event's posterior with a normalizing flow lets analysts generate enough cheap posterior samples to keep the Monte-Carlo variance of population inference below threshold for catalog...

  3. Constraints on primordial black holes from the first part of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    O4a gravitational-wave data give 95% CL upper limits f_PBH ~ 1e-2 to 1e-4 for monochromatic primordial black holes with mean masses 0.6-100 M_sun, with no evidence of a PBH merger component.

  4. Gravitational-wave astronomy requires population-informed parameter estimation

    gr-qc 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Single-event GW parameter estimates under reference priors are population-biased; hierarchical, population-informed re-analysis is needed and changes the identification of the most extreme black holes in the catalog.

  5. The Long Road to Alignment: Measuring Black Hole Spin Orientation with Expanding Gravitational-Wave Datasets

    astro-ph.HE 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Simulated gravitational-wave catalogs show spin-tilt peaks at alignment are hard to confirm even with 1500 events, while integrated tilt fractions are robust.

  6. The first decade of gravitational-wave measurements of black hole spins

    gr-qc 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 1.0 of 10

    A review summarizing formation-channel predictions, waveform effects, and population-level constraints on stellar-mass black hole spins from the first decade of gravitational-wave observations.

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