Pith. sign in

REVIEW 10 cited by

KoLA: Carefully Benchmarking World Knowledge of Large Language Models

Not yet reviewed by Pith; the record is open.

This paper has not been read by Pith yet. Machine review is queued; the pith claim, tier, and objections will appear here once it completes.

SPECIMEN: schema-true, not a live event

T0 review · schema-true

One-sentence machine reading of the paper's core claim.

pith:XXXXXXXX · record.json · timestamp

arxiv 2306.09296 v3 pith:654SBB7S submitted 2023-06-15 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords llmskolaknowledgemodelstextbfabilitiesabilitycarefully
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
0 comments
abstract

The unprecedented performance of large language models (LLMs) necessitates improvements in evaluations. Rather than merely exploring the breadth of LLM abilities, we believe meticulous and thoughtful designs are essential to thorough, unbiased, and applicable evaluations. Given the importance of world knowledge to LLMs, we construct a Knowledge-oriented LLM Assessment benchmark (KoLA), in which we carefully design three crucial factors: (1) For \textbf{ability modeling}, we mimic human cognition to form a four-level taxonomy of knowledge-related abilities, covering $19$ tasks. (2) For \textbf{data}, to ensure fair comparisons, we use both Wikipedia, a corpus prevalently pre-trained by LLMs, along with continuously collected emerging corpora, aiming to evaluate the capacity to handle unseen data and evolving knowledge. (3) For \textbf{evaluation criteria}, we adopt a contrastive system, including overall standard scores for better numerical comparability across tasks and models and a unique self-contrast metric for automatically evaluating knowledge-creating ability. We evaluate $28$ open-source and commercial LLMs and obtain some intriguing findings. The KoLA dataset and open-participation leaderboard are publicly released at https://kola.xlore.cn and will be continuously updated to provide references for developing LLMs and knowledge-related systems.

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 10 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Computational models of pragmatic reasoning with flexible generation of meaning and expression alternatives

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Combining language-model generation with rule-based selection reproduces several pragmatic phenomena, but the language models only worked reliably as idea generators, not as judges of formal linguistic properties.

  2. Court of LLMs: Evidence-Augmented Generation via Multi-LLM Collaboration for Text-Attributed Graph Anomaly Detection

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    CoLL uses two specialized LLM 'prosecutors' and an LLM 'judge' to generate textual anomaly evidence, which a gated GNN then fuses with graph structure for state-of-the-art text-attributed graph anomaly detection.

  3. Establishing Trustworthy LLM Evaluation via Shortcut Neuron Analysis

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Shortcut neuron patching suppresses benchmark-contamination shortcuts in LLMs and yields evaluation scores that strongly correlate with the external MixEval benchmark.

  4. CausalAbstain: Enhancing Multilingual LLMs with Causal Reasoning for Trustworthy Abstention

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    CausalAbstain filters multilingual self-feedback by comparing how much it changes the model's abstention decision, improving abstention accuracy over baselines on two benchmarks.

  5. Enhancing LLMs' Reasoning-Intensive Multimedia Search Capabilities through Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning

    cs.IR 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A two-stage fine-tuning and reinforcement-learning method makes LLMs generate token-efficient natural-language search plans, reporting strong accuracy gains on financial and news search benchmarks.

  6. Scaling LLM-Driven Multi-Agent Systems: Design Principles and Architectural Scalability Analysis

    cs.MA 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Architecturally scaling LLM multi-agent systems raises accuracy at near-linear cost only above a model-capability threshold, peaks at intermediate complexity, and never fixes poor run-to-run consistency.

  7. Not All Needles Are Found: How Fact Distribution and Don't Make It Up Prompts Shape Retrieval, Reasoning, and Hallucination in Long-Context LLMs

    cs.CL 2026-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    On a new extended needle-in-a-haystack benchmark, explicit anti-hallucination prompts and dispersed fact placement cause some long-context LLMs to over-refuse or collapse in accuracy, while others remain robust.

  8. Mitigating Geospatial Knowledge Hallucination in Large Language Models: Benchmarking and Dynamic Factuality Aligning

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A new benchmark called GEOHALUBENCH measures how often LLMs invent, omit, or confuse real-world places and relations, and a dynamic-beta KTO method reduces these errors on the benchmark.

  9. Find Before You Fine-Tune: A Diagnostic Study of Small LLMs for Cybersecurity QA

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Pre-fine-tuning scores on a three-task diagnostic can predict the direction of post-fine-tuning change in small LLMs for cybersecurity QA, but not the magnitude or rank-preservation, which is regime-dependent.

  10. Fine-Tuning and Prompt Engineering of LLMs, for the Creation of Multi-Agent AI for Addressing Sustainable Protein Production Challenges

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A proof-of-concept multi-agent GPT system for microbial protein literature extraction shows both fine-tuning and prompt engineering improve cosine-similarity scores, with fine-tuning slightly ahead but more variable.

Pith tools