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A roadmap for the atmospheric characterization of terrestrial exoplanets with JWST
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Ultra-cool dwarf stars are abundant, long-lived, and uniquely suited to enable the atmospheric study of transiting terrestrial companions with JWST. Amongst them, the most prominent is the M8.5V star TRAPPIST-1 and its seven planets. While JWST Cycle 1 observations have started to yield preliminary insights into the planets, they have also revealed that their atmospheric exploration requires a better understanding of their host star. Here, we propose a roadmap to characterize the TRAPPIST-1 system -- and others like it -- in an efficient and robust manner. We notably recommend that -- although more challenging to schedule -- multi-transit windows be prioritized to mitigate the effects of stellar activity and gather up to twice more transits per JWST hour spent. We conclude that, for such systems, planets cannot be studied in isolation by small programs, but rather need large-scale, jointly space- and ground-based initiatives to fully exploit the capabilities of JWST for the exploration of terrestrial planets.
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Cited by 5 Pith papers
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First JWST thermal phase curves of temperate terrestrial exoplanets reveal no thick atmosphere around TRAPPIST-1 b and c
First JWST phase curves of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rule out thick, heat-redistributing atmospheres; b is likely airless, c may retain a tenuous O2 atmosphere.
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First Calculations of Starspot Spectra based on 3D Radiative Magnetohydrodynamics Simulations
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The solar magnetic cycle produces a CH/CN anti-correlation in the integrated solar spectrum, which the authors scale up to argue that surface magnetism could mimic globular cluster multi-population signatures.
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Hubble's Multi-Year Search for Exospheres in the TRAPPIST-1 System Reveals Frequent Microflares
No TRAPPIST-1 planet shows a Ly-alpha transit deeper than about 20%, and the noise limiting the search is traced to frequent ~10^29-erg microflares from the star.
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