Phase structure of holographic superconductors in an Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theory with spontaneous scalarization

Holographic superconductor phase transition and spontaneous scalarization are triggered by the instability of the underlying vacuum black hole spacetime. Although both hairy black hole solutions are closely associated with the tachyonic instability of the scalar degree of freedom, they are understood to be driven by distinct causes. It is, therefore, interesting to explore the interplay between the two phenomena in the context of a scenario where both mechanisms are present. To this end, we investigate the Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theory in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime with a Maxwell field. On the one hand, the presence of the charged scalar and Maxwell fields in anti-de Sitter spacetime furnishes the celebrated framework for a holographic superconductor. On the other hand, the non-minimal Gauss-Bonnet coupling between the scalar field and the gravitational sector triggers spontaneous scalarization. However, near the transition curve, the two phases are found to be largely indistinguishable regarding both the radial profile and effective potential. This raises the question of whether the hairy black holes triggered by different mechanisms are smoothly joined by a phase transition or whether these are actually identical solutions. To assess the transition more closely, we evaluate the phase diagram in terms of temperature and chemical potential and discover a smooth but first-order transition between the two hairy solutions by explicitly evaluating Gibbs free energy and its derivatives. In particular, one can elaborate a thermodynamic process through which a superconducting black hole transits into a scalarized one by raising or decreasing the temperature. Exhausting the underlying phase space, we analyze the properties and the interplay between the two hairy solutions.