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Testing Hadronic-Model Predictions of Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles and Ground-Particle Signals using Hybrid Data of the Pierre Auger Observatory
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abstract
We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles, $X_{max}$, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core, $S(1000)$, using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists in fitting the measured two-dimensional ($S(1000)$, $X_{max}$) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models EPOS-LHC, QGSJet II-04, Sibyll 2.3d and leaving the scales of predicted $X_{max}$ and the signals from hadronic component at ground as free fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains the same at all zenith angles, while the longitudinal shower development and attenuation of ground signal depend on the mass composition in a correlated way. The analysis was applied to 2239 events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies between $10^{18.5}$ to $10^{19.0}$ eV and zenith angles below $60^\circ$. We found, that within the assumptions of the method, the best description of the data is achieved if the predictions of the hadronic interaction models are shifted to deeper $X_{max}$ values and larger hadronic signals at all zenith angles. Given the magnitude of the shifts and the data sample size, the statistical significance of the improvement of data description using the modifications considered in the paper is larger than $5\sigma$ even for any linear combination of experimental systematic uncertainties.
Forward citations
Cited by 5 Pith papers
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Modified hadronic interactions in 3-dimensional simulations
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Consequences of a Heavy-Metal Scenario of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
Assuming pure iron cosmic rays above 40 EeV, the paper derives constant Xmax scale shifts for QGSJet II-04 and Sibyll 2.3d, yielding a consistent mass-composition model for Auger data.
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Constraints on the spread of nuclear masses in ultra-high-energy cosmic rays based on the Phase I hybrid data from the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory's Phase I hybrid data constrain the spread of cosmic-ray nuclear masses, excluding pure and two-neighboring-mass compositions near the ankle, nearly independent of hadronic model predictions.
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Modified Hadronic Interactions and the future of UHECR observations
A systematic library of modified hadronic simulations shows that matching Auger muon and Xmax data is possible only with a combination of cross-section, multiplicity, and elasticity changes that conflicts with other m...
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