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Temperature Measurement of Quark-Gluon Plasma at Different Stages
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abstract
In a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the fundamental building blocks of matter, quarks and gluons, are under extreme conditions of temperature and density. A QGP could exist in the early stages of the Universe, and in various objects and events in the cosmos. The thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of the QGP are described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and can be studied in heavy-ion collisions. Despite being a key thermodynamic parameter, the QGP temperature is still poorly known. Thermal lepton pairs ($e^+e^-$ and $\mu^+\mu^-$) are ideal penetrating probes of the true temperature of the emitting source, since their invariant-mass spectra suffer neither from strong final-state interactions nor from blue-shift effects due to rapid expansion. Here we measure the QGP temperature using thermal $e^+e^-$ production at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The average temperature from the low-mass region (in-medium $\rho^0$ vector-meson dominant) is $(1.99 \pm 0.24) \times 10^{12}$ K, consistent with the chemical freeze-out temperature from statistical models and the phase transition temperature from LQCD. The average temperature from the intermediate mass region (above the $\rho^0$ mass, QGP dominant) is significantly higher at $(3.40 \pm 0.55)\times 10^{12}$ K. This work provides essential experimental thermodynamic measurements to map out the QCD phase diagram and understand the properties of matter under extreme conditions.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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In the Trajectum model, dilepton effective temperatures reliably track the quark-gluon plasma temperature, while photon effective temperatures are biased by flow and stay near 250-300 MeV.
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Dynamics of Hot QCD Matter 2024 -- Bulk Properties
This proceedings volume collects 19 conference contributions on the bulk properties of hot QCD matter, mostly extending established models and comparing them with lattice QCD and heavy-ion data.
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What is the Quark-Gluon Plasma made of?
The quark-gluon plasma is best described as a strongly coupled liquid of massive, very short-lived quark and gluon quasiparticles, with sound (phonon) modes becoming the most well-defined collective excitation at low momenta.
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