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A Survey on Deep Learning for Theorem Proving

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arxiv 2404.09939 v3 pith:QHYDBUMZ submitted 2024-04-15 cs.AI

classification cs.AI
keywords provingtheoremdeeplearningsurveyapproachescuratedgeneration
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Theorem proving is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, spanning from informal reasoning in natural language to rigorous derivations in formal systems. In recent years, the advancement of deep learning, especially the emergence of large language models, has sparked a notable surge of research exploring these techniques to enhance the process of theorem proving. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of deep learning for theorem proving by offering (i) a thorough review of existing approaches across various tasks such as autoformalization, premise selection, proofstep generation, and proof search; (ii) an extensive summary of curated datasets and strategies for synthetic data generation; (iii) a detailed analysis of evaluation metrics and the performance of state-of-the-art methods; and (iv) a critical discussion on the persistent challenges and the promising avenues for future exploration. Our survey aims to serve as a foundational reference for deep learning approaches in theorem proving, inspiring and catalyzing further research endeavors in this rapidly growing field. A curated list of papers is available at https://github.com/zhaoyu-li/DL4TP.

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Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. FormalRx: Rectify and eXamine Semantic Failures in Autoformalization

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    FormalRx diagnoses Lean autoformalization failures with a 28-category SCI taxonomy and an 8B model that jointly predicts alignment, error type, location, and correction.

  2. From Solvers to Research: Large Language Model-Driven Formal Mathematics at the Research Frontier

    cs.CL 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLM formal provers must shift from competition solvers to research agents that handle open-ended, under-specified frontier mathematics under machine-checked rigor.

  3. Planning to Hammer: Difficulty-Aware Decomposition for Automating Rocq Proofs

    cs.SE 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Quarry splits Rocq proof automation into LLM-proposed decompositions and CoqHammer execution, ranking candidates by learned difficulty, improving success by 7–13 points.

  4. FormaRL: Enhancing Autoformalization with no Labeled Data

    cs.AI 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A reinforcement learning framework improves autoformalization without labeled data by rewarding outputs that pass Lean syntax and LLM consistency checks.

  5. Reviving DSP for Advanced Theorem Proving in the Era of Reasoning Models

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An inference-only neuro-symbolic pipeline, DSP+, solves 80.7% of miniF2F and the previously unsolved imo_2019_p1, matching heavily RL-trained theorem provers without fine-tuning.

  6. StepProof: Step-by-step verification of natural language mathematical proofs

    cs.LO 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Decomposing natural-language proofs into sentence-level formal subproofs improves autoformalization success rates and efficiency compared with whole-proof formalization.

  7. Formally Solving Answer-Construction Problems in Lean

    cs.AI 2025-05 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    ECP, an enumerate-conjecture-prove framework with Lean verification, improves answer-construction accuracy on ConstructiveBench and a PutnamBench subset, but its benchmark has a 17% major-error rate and its abstract r...

  8. An Ontology-Based Approach to Optimizing Geometry Problem Sets for Skill Development

    math.HO 2025-09 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    The paper presents a retrospective ontology-and-solution-graph framework for curriculum design in Euclidean geometry, with a research agenda for automated solution validation.

  9. Autoformalization in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey

    cs.AI 2025-05 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A literature review of LLM-based autoformalization, covering datasets, workflows, benchmarks, and its potential role in verifying AI outputs.

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