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Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator
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Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators. Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics.
Forward citations
Cited by 4 Pith papers
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Quantum hardware simulation of SU(2) lattice gauge thermalization matches classical extrapolations up to 101 plaquettes after error mitigation, establishing feasibility for chaotic quantum field systems.
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Exact many-body scar eigenstates of a 2D XY model are mapped via Kramers-Wannier duality to exact scars of a Z2 lattice gauge theory.
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Eigenstate Thermalization in 1+1-Dimensional SU(2) Lattice Gauge Theory Coupled with Dynamical Fermions
Exact diagonalization shows 1+1D SU(2) lattice gauge theory with dynamical fermions satisfies ETH, including for non-local string operators that display a memory peak.
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Defects and their Time Scales in Quantum and Classical Annealing of the Two-Dimensional Ising Model
Quantum annealing of the 2D Ising model exhibits three size-dependent time scales (Kibble-Zurek, L^2 coarsening, and L^3 stripe elimination), with the slowest detected via excited-state analysis.
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