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Buffer of Thoughts: Thought-Augmented Reasoning with Large Language Models

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arxiv 2406.04271 v2 pith:LYCLLQFM submitted 2024-06-06 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords reasoningthoughtsmeta-buffertasksbufferconductenhancingfurther
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We introduce Buffer of Thoughts (BoT), a novel and versatile thought-augmented reasoning approach for enhancing accuracy, efficiency and robustness of large language models (LLMs). Specifically, we propose meta-buffer to store a series of informative high-level thoughts, namely thought-template, distilled from the problem-solving processes across various tasks. Then for each problem, we retrieve a relevant thought-template and adaptively instantiate it with specific reasoning structures to conduct efficient reasoning. To guarantee the scalability and stability, we further propose buffer-manager to dynamically update the meta-buffer, thus enhancing the capacity of meta-buffer as more tasks are solved. We conduct extensive experiments on 10 challenging reasoning-intensive tasks, and achieve significant performance improvements over previous SOTA methods: 11% on Game of 24, 20% on Geometric Shapes and 51% on Checkmate-in-One. Further analysis demonstrate the superior generalization ability and model robustness of our BoT, while requiring only 12% of the cost of multi-query prompting methods (e.g., tree/graph of thoughts) on average. Notably, we find that our Llama3-8B+BoT has the potential to surpass Llama3-70B model. Our project is available at: https://github.com/YangLing0818/buffer-of-thought-llm

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 8 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Cognitive Demand Steering for Adaptive Meta-Reasoning in Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A training-free meta-reasoning loop that tracks remaining cognitive demand and steers an LLM's next action improves average accuracy by about 9 percent over chain-of-thought across three models and six benchmarks.

  2. Knowledge-Centric Self-Improvement

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A protocol that keeps agents generic and disposable while improving a persistent curated knowledge base outperforms agent-centric self-improvement baselines on ARC, coding, and terminal benchmarks.

  3. Thought-Augmented Planning for LLM-Powered Interactive Recommender Agent

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    TAIRA, a thought-pattern-augmented multi-agent recommender, outperforms prior LLM agents in simulated interactive recommendation, with the largest gains on complex user intents.

  4. Excessive Reasoning Attack on Reasoning LLMs

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A 10-token adversarial suffix, optimized with three custom losses, raises reasoning length 3x to 9x on open reasoning LLMs without hurting accuracy, and partly transfers to closed models.

  5. Chain of Methodologies: Scaling Test Time Computation without Training

    cs.CL 2025-06 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    A prompt framework that interleaves methodology selection with reasoning steps improves LLM math and QA accuracy when combined with a Python interpreter, but the benefit of the methodology selection itself is small an...

  6. Thinking Before You Speak: A Proactive Test-time Scaling Approach

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    TBYS inserts generated situation-and-goal insights between reasoning steps and reports math accuracy gains, but the insight library is filtered using test-set answers.

  7. Reflection-Based Memory For Web navigation Agents

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Reflection-Augmented Planning (ReAP) retrieves short self-reflections from past web navigation tasks and lifts held-out task success by 11 points on WebArena.

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