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Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles with energies between $\mathbf{10^{18.5}}$ and $\mathbf{10^{20}}$ eV using the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning
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arxiv 2406.06319 v3 pith:UUIZYHDL submitted 2024-06-10 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.IM
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abstract
We report an investigation of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies from 3 to 100 EeV (1 EeV=$10^{18}$ eV) using the distributions of the depth of shower maximum $X_\mathrm{max}$. The analysis relies on ${\sim}50,000$ events recorded by the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and a deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm. Above energies of 5 EeV, the data set offers a 10-fold increase in statistics with respect to fluorescence measurements at the Observatory. After cross-calibration using the Fluorescence Detector, this enables the first measurement of the evolution of the mean and the standard deviation of the $X_\mathrm{max}$ distributions up to 100 EeV. Our findings are threefold: (1.) The evolution of the mean logarithmic mass towards a heavier composition with increasing energy can be confirmed and is extended to 100 EeV. (2.) The evolution of the fluctuations of $X_\mathrm{max}$ towards a heavier and purer composition with increasing energy can be confirmed with high statistics. We report a rather heavy composition and small fluctuations in $X_\mathrm{max}$ at the highest energies. (3.) We find indications for a characteristic structure beyond a constant change in the mean logarithmic mass, featuring three breaks that are observed in proximity to the ankle, instep, and suppression features in the energy spectrum.
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Cited by 3 Pith papers
Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record
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Measurement and Interpretation of UHECR Mass Composition at the Pierre Auger Observatory
astro-ph.HE 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10
Auger Phase I data show UHECR composition is mixed and grows heavier above a few EeV, with no robust north-south FD difference.
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Consequences of a Heavy-Metal Scenario of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
astro-ph.HE 2025-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10
Assuming pure iron cosmic rays above 40 EeV, the paper derives constant Xmax scale shifts for QGSJet II-04 and Sibyll 2.3d, yielding a consistent mass-composition model for Auger data.
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Reconstructing Air-Shower Observables using a Universality-Based Model at the Pierre Auger Observatory
astro-ph.HE 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10
A universality-based fit to surface-detector time traces can reconstruct Xmax and muon number, giving preliminary composition results for cosmic rays above 4 EeV, though the mean Xmax scale is calibrated to fluorescence data.
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