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On the Origin of Species Thermodynamics and the Black Hole - Tower Correspondence

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arxiv 2406.17851 v3 pith:K5GZQRHP submitted 2024-06-25 hep-th

classification hep-th
keywords speciesthermodynamicsentropyblackholelambdacorrespondencelike
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

Species thermodynamics has been proposed in analogy to black hole thermodynamics. The entropy scales like an area and is given by the mere counting of the number of the species. In this work, we $\textit{derive}$ the constitutive relations of species thermodynamics and explain how those $\textit{originate}$ from standard thermodynamics. We consider configurations of species in thermal equilibrium inside a box of size $L$, and show that the temperature $T$ of the system, which plays a crucial role, is always upper bounded above by the species scale $\Lambda_{\rm sp}$. We highlight three relevant regimes: (i) when $L^{-1}< T<\Lambda_{\rm sp}$, and gravitational collapse is avoided, the system exhibits standard thermodynamics features, for example, with the entropy scaling like the volume of the box; (ii) in the limit $L^{-1}\simeq T\rightarrow \Lambda_{\rm sp}$ we recover the rules of species thermodynamics with the entropy scaling like the area of the box; (iii) an intermediate regime with $ L^{-1}\simeq T< \Lambda_{\rm sp}$ that avoids gravitational collapse and fulfills the Covariant Entropy Bound; this interpolates between the previous two regimes and its entropy is given simply in terms of the counting of the species contributing to the thermodynamic ensemble. This study also allows us to find a novel and independent bottom-up rationale for the Emergent String Conjecture. Finally, we present the $\textit{Black Hole - Tower Correspondence}$ as a generalization of the celebrated Black Hole - String Correspondence. This provides us with a robust framework to interpret the results of our thermodynamic investigation. Moreover, it allows us to qualitatively account for the entropy of black holes in terms of the degrees of freedom of the weakly coupled species in the tower.

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Cited by 13 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    hep-th 2025-02 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

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  3. The Double EFT Expansion in Quantum Gravity

    hep-th 2025-01 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Quantum gravity EFT actions organize higher-curvature corrections into a field-theoretic expansion suppressed by the lightest new mass and a quantum-gravitational expansion suppressed by the species scale.

  4. EFT & Species Scale: Friends or foes?

    hep-th 2025-01 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A detailed one-loop derivation shows that the species scale can be computed consistently with infinite convergent towers of states, resolving an apparent tension between infinite towers and effective field theory.

  5. String stars in $d\geq 7$

    hep-th 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    String stars in d≥7 exist as higher-dimensional counterparts of Horowitz-Polchinski solutions, with perturbative d=7 solutions and normalizable candidates in d>7.

  6. Kaluza-Klein tower thresholds and scheme dependence of the species scale

    hep-th 2026-07 accept novelty 6.5 of 10

    Leading KK-tower local corrections to four-derivative gravity are regulator-dependent EFT matching data, while log N terms are universal within proper-time cutoffs, so species-scale definitions match only parametrically.

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    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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    hep-th 2026-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Factorization at the second excited mass level forces the Regge intercept to the bosonic string value, and large-level multipositivity bounds forbid the simplest Gross satellite deformation of four-point superstring a...

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    hep-th 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An entropy comparison shows quintessence backgrounds with a finite event horizon are unstable, equating the trans-Planckian censorship bound with a species-entropy growth condition.

  10. Inflationary Particle Production and the Swampland

    hep-th 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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  11. Classical Black Hole Probes of UV Scales

    hep-th 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Minimal classical BPS black holes in string compactifications track the species or KK scale in infinite-distance limits, and violations may signal inconsistent EFTs.

  12. Relative Quantum Gravity: Localized Gravity and the Swampland

    hep-th 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Localized gravity theories can violate swampland constraints, but satisfy them when defined relative to a higher-dimensional gravity completion, dubbed relative quantum gravity.

  13. A short overview on the Black Hole-Tower Correspondence and Species Thermodynamics

    hep-th 2025-06 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    A review of the black hole-tower correspondence and species thermodynamics, which aim to explain black hole entropy via towers of light states and to show only certain towers are allowed.

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