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Nucleon Gravitational Form Factors
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A symmetry-preserving analysis of strong interaction quantum field equations is used to complete a unified treatment of pion, kaon, nucleon electromagnetic and gravitational form factors. Findings include a demonstration that the pion near-core pressure is roughly twice that in the proton, so both are significantly greater than that of a neutron star; parton species separations of the nucleon's three gravitational form factors, in which, inter alia, the glue-to-quark ratio for each form factor is seen to take the same constant value, independent of momentum transfer; and a determination of proton radii orderings, with the mechanical (normal force) radius being less than the mass-energy radius, which is less than the proton charge radius. This body of predictions should prove useful in an era of anticipated experiments that will enable them to be tested.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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Experimental access to the gluonic origin of the proton mass
The scalar gluonic trace form factor of the proton can be reconstructed from DVCS quark GFFs, near-threshold J/ψ gluon GFFs, and the nucleon sigma-term form factor.
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Reconstruction of Gravitational Form Factors using Generative Machine Learning
A diffusion model trained on synthetic physics-motivated curves reconstructs the proton's A(t), J(t), D(t) from sparse data, extracting c8=-4.6±0.8, c9=-0.61±0.19, and D(0)=-4.3±0.8.
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Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front
Using a light-front Hamiltonian with three-quark and three-quark-plus-gluon Fock sectors, the authors extract quark and gluon gravitational form factors and find a proton mass decomposition of 31.5% quark energy, 34.7...
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Gluon Gravitational $ D$-Form Factor: The $\sigma$-Meson as a Dilaton Confronted with Lattice Data II
σ-pole residues in gluon D-form factors for π, N, ρ and Δ are consistent with dilaton effective theory predictions within large uncertainties.
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Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory
A Skyrme model with a dilaton field attributes the proton's negative internal pressure and confining force to the gluonic scale anomaly, and reproduces the lattice QCD D(t) form factor.
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Mechanical properties of the $\Omega^-$ baryon from gravitational form factors
Using QCD sum rules, the authors extract seven gravitational form factors of the Omega baryon and derive its internal energy, angular momentum, pressure, shear, radii, and D-terms.
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Proton Structure from a Soft-Wall Holographic QCD Model: Mass Spectrum, Form Factors, and Mechanical Properties
A soft-wall holographic model reproduces proton spectroscopy, form factors, radii, and J/ψ photoproduction, though the gravitational form factor D is an input-dependent ansatz.
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Electroexcitation of Nucleon Resonances and the Emergence of Hadron Mass
A review argues that Jefferson Lab electroproduction data on nucleon resonances, analyzed with continuum Schwinger methods, confirm a momentum-dependent dressed quark mass, the essence of emergent hadron mass.
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