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Dinosaur in a Haystack : X-ray View of the Entrails of SN 2023ixf and the Radio Afterglow of Its Interaction with the Medium Spawned by the Progenitor Star (Paper 1)
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abstract
We present the results from our extensive hard-to-soft X-ray (NuSTAR, Swift-XRT, XMM-Newton, Chandra) and meter-to-mm wave radio (GMRT, VLA, NOEMA) monitoring campaign of the very nearby (d $=6.9$ Mpc) Type II SN2023ixf spanning $\approx$ 4--165 d post-explosion. This unprecedented dataset enables inferences on the explosion's circumstellar medium (CSM) density and geometry. Specifically, we find that the luminous X-ray emission is well modeled by thermal free-free radiation from the forward shock with rapidly decreasing photo-electric absorption with time. The radio spectrum is dominated by synchrotron radiation from the same shock, and the NOEMA detection of high-frequency radio emission may indicate a new component consistent with the secondary origin. Similar to the X-rays, the level of free-free absorption affecting the radio spectrum rapidly decreases with time as a consequence of the shock propagation into the dense CSM. While the X-ray and the radio modeling independently support the presence of a dense medium corresponding to an \emph{effective} mass-loss rate $\dot{M} \approx 10^{-4}\, \rm M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$ at $R = (0.4-14) \times 10^{15}$ (for $v_{\rm w}=\rm 25 \,km\,s^{-1}$), our study points at a complex CSM density structure with asymmetries and clumps. The inferred densities are $\approx$10--100 times those of typical red supergiants, indicating an extreme mass-loss phase of the progenitor in the $\approx$200 years preceding core collapse, which leads to the most X-ray luminous Type II SN and the one with the most delayed emergence of radio emission. These results add to the picture of the complex mass-loss history of massive stars on the verge of collapse and demonstrate the need for panchromatic campaigns to fully map their intricate environments.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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Inferring Dense Confined Circumstellar Medium around Supernova Progenitors via Long-term Hydrodynamical Evolution
Long-term hydrodynamical simulations show that a dense confined circumstellar shell leaves an observable imprint on supernova shock evolution and radio light curves for years, producing fast decline and rebrightening.
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Interacting Supernovae: a Radio and X-ray Strategy to Constrain the Structure of the Circumstellar Medium
The rise and decay shape of a supernova's radio light curve can diagnose the three-dimensional geometry of the surrounding circumstellar medium, and hourglass-shaped winds fit SN 1993j and SN 2023ixf.
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The progenitors and circumstellar environments of stripped-envelope interacting supernovae from BPASS
Using BPASS, only binary progenitors whose mass loss forms a circum-binary disc reproduce the luminosities and rise times of stripped-envelope interacting supernovae.
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Spectropolarimetric Evolution of SN 2023ixf: an Asymmetric Explosion in a Confined Aspherical Circumstellar Medium
Spectropolarimetry of SN 2023ixf from 1 to 120 days reveals early polarization from an aspherical circumstellar shell (pole-to-equator density contrast ≳3) and a late polarization rise attributed to asymmetric 56Ni in...
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The observed phase space of mass-loss history from massive stars based on radio observations of a large supernova sample
Radio non-detections of 325 core-collapse supernovae exclude mass-loss rates of about 2e-6 to 1e-4 solar masses per year for roughly 80% of Type II progenitors in the sample.
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Signatures of the Shock Interaction as an Additional Power Source in the Nebular Spectra of SN 2023ixf
The +363-day spectrum of SN 2023ixf shows broad H-alpha components at about plus and minus 5650 km/s, interpreted as shock interaction with a distant circumstellar shell with at least 5e40 erg/s of shock power.
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LOFAR non-detections of SN 2023ixf in its first year post-explosion
A year of LOFAR 144 MHz monitoring of SN 2023ixf yields no detection, consistent with free-free absorption by a dense circumstellar medium.
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