Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text

As of 17 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2411.11061.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2411.11061 v1

Coverage vector

measured 42 of 42 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.826267Z

measured 43 of 43 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T21:55:30.302862Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-15T21:55:30.821831Z

Reference resolution

42 of 42 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy13
unresolved24
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation ae393cd6-80c5-425e-abe2-598114308e18 · outbound

This paper cites Attention Is All You Need.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Attention Is All You Need

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.658262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b3618d72-7eff-45ef-91b1-4c3ea5082aa7 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models as Models of Language.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Language Models as Models of Language

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.663417Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0fb91d6-47b8-42d6-bf7a-576b695999c4 · outbound

This paper cites & author Blything, L.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text & author Blything, L

Reference 3

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.897147Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b752a128-8f75-4ca0-bd64-141082367bba · outbound

This paper cites Assessing the Ability of LSTMs to Learn Syntax-Sensitive Dependencies.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Assessing the Ability of LSTMs to Learn Syntax-Sensitive Dependencies

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.673453Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 271d6e1d-4412-4288-a190-6425a7f9ef5d · outbound

This paper cites Assessing BERT's Syntactic Abilities.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Assessing BERT's Syntactic Abilities

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.677931Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8781caa8-2bba-4fab-804e-921b1b33dbb4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.536694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 4853d246-d307-4a8d-9879-3c092947056d · outbound

This paper cites Can language models handle recursively nested grammatical structures? A case study on comparing models and humans.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Can language models handle recursively nested grammatical structures? A case study on comparing models and humans

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.304008Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d82531b5-dfe1-456f-bb6b-701fd86cdd6f · outbound

This paper cites A Primer in BERTology: What we know about how BERT works.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text A Primer in BERTology: What we know about how BERT works

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.690742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1f8d80e9-bdde-4b76-80c6-0d773f22606a · outbound

This paper cites Open Sesame: Getting Inside BERT's Linguistic Knowledge.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Open Sesame: Getting Inside BERT's Linguistic Knowledge

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.696388Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 500cd8cd-28ed-4dde-a8c1-ee2deb7ce48d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.700311Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58f44c35-9655-48ae-b4f2-d42c446cb86b · outbound

This paper cites & author Ramscar, M.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text & author Ramscar, M

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.526711Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f527b665-6e1f-4950-8f1b-6fb62179a35e · outbound

This paper cites , author Roads, B.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text , author Roads, B

Reference 12

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.877354Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7c32f1bb-90d2-41c9-adc8-abd663c0353b · outbound

This paper cites Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.712762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58bbf8e4-92b3-48d4-bcd3-3163ec4803d7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.716750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3dd5aba8-5ac1-48f4-af91-4f187d7f9fe3 · outbound

This paper cites A Foundation Model for the Earth System.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text A Foundation Model for the Earth System

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.720624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ee6f7a2a-5df8-4997-a4bf-608d87830d51 · outbound

This paper cites A decoder-only foundation model for time-series forecasting.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text A decoder-only foundation model for time-series forecasting

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.725357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b5d9c21b-d827-47cf-a751-9a0abd2dedd3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.220492Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d8ce4dd9-55c6-4baf-85d0-1342ba8bd847 · outbound

This paper cites , author Aggarwal, R.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text , author Aggarwal, R

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.733310Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2a3b94ee-6d8c-4d8b-bbc5-a6739376837e · outbound

This paper cites , author Schmidt, S.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text , author Schmidt, S

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.514930Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c80fce25-1464-4e36-8216-98174f963e2b · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.740477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 674eaba0-b3d4-4576-9cd8-0bd49ca429a9 · outbound

This paper cites title How children learn to communicate discriminatively.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text title How children learn to communicate discriminatively

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.502045Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 2bf5d618-f720-4c4c-8502-04740818d83f · outbound

This paper cites & author Matthews, D.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text & author Matthews, D

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.489614Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 6e9f26b0-93a0-4667-b385-cb10846c9a85 · outbound

This paper cites title Expectation-based syntactic comprehension.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text title Expectation-based syntactic comprehension

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.477483Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 320b91b0-3b12-4e1f-beab-013234804130 · outbound

This paper cites title A Maximum - Entropy - Inspired Parser.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text title A Maximum - Entropy - Inspired Parser

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.466663Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c974db15-4d3f-47c5-ab72-d1f64e811842 · outbound

This paper cites title Suffixing, prefixing, and the functional order of regularities in meaningful strings.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text title Suffixing, prefixing, and the functional order of regularities in meaningful strings

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.454879Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation a15e9163-145b-4d58-8923-907c951a4d56 · outbound

This paper cites , author Milin, P.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text , author Milin, P

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.443564Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 4d3adeb6-4ef1-450e-9421-59a4f06e6b67 · outbound

This paper cites , author Milin, P.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text , author Milin, P

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.431629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b72530c9-12e6-4383-9360-aff34ba38f86 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.421140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 3bc2ecee-fea4-41a5-bb76-cf45fb008623 · outbound

This paper cites , author Greco, M.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text , author Greco, M

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.408501Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f5491629-abb2-4e9a-9c6f-d626735456dd · outbound

This paper cites & author Bowers, J.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text & author Bowers, J

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.396751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9fd1dea6-3b15-4455-ae69-4c2fdd2094e9 · outbound

This paper cites Mission: Impossible Language Models.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Mission: Impossible Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.782745Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1e34e245-36cf-4158-8bce-084e17d12645 · outbound

This paper cites Arrows of Time for Large Language Models.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Arrows of Time for Large Language Models

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.786422Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4ba19faf-d6fa-4199-9be1-846da9d44dc8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.384354Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 900d11c9-e6f6-458d-b8b8-eaeddbf643af · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.793328Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5866a398-92c5-4fe6-aa85-9b053e48475d · outbound

This paper cites title The Claude 3 Model Family : Opus , Sonnet , Haiku.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text title The Claude 3 Model Family : Opus , Sonnet , Haiku

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.371786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation cfb44e81-98d9-46f7-b858-a6f334b35220 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.801038Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f7ea5c22-5845-4f2e-8ba8-bdc21e62eba0 · outbound

This paper cites Matching domain experts by training from scratch on domain knowledge.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Matching domain experts by training from scratch on domain knowledge

Reference 37

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.023470Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c5ab9e16-7c98-4ee8-838b-1f3cbbf9edd0 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models surpass human experts in predicting neuroscience results.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Large language models surpass human experts in predicting neuroscience results

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.809864Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5f3203c3-ccb8-4473-866d-7b28670e2955 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.813901Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 294efb84-ce7a-49e4-8459-3f2866a98a0c · outbound

This paper cites title A new algorithm for data compression.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text title A new algorithm for data compression

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:03.358654Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 67fcf04a-ffc9-4a8a-ba64-9e0eb5be5ac4 · outbound

This paper cites Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.821808Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 92b64650-ae33-4384-985b-338c35c21a58 · outbound

This paper cites Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization.

Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T19:02:02.826267Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 81942729-5e82-4a06-9333-15e05da5822f · inbound

Probability Consistency in Large Language Models: Theoretical Foundations Meet Empirical Discrepancies cites this paper.

Probability Consistency in Large Language Models: Theoretical Foundations Meet Empirical Discrepancies Beyond Human-Like Processing: Large Language Models Perform Equivalently on Forward and Backward Scientific Text

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T21:55:30.827109Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.