Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 47 of 47 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2412.00554.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.00554 v2

Coverage vector

measured 47 of 47 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.944088Z

measured 48 of 48 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-30T22:11:44.891731Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

47 of 47 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy1
unresolved46
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

0
arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

Observation c26be430-db20-4fee-85be-77a0234b5d1c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.716769Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 24a5bb11-5fe1-4493-a142-5d3a987dc4d3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.722117Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 33a81f8f-6606-48b9-9007-da5eb83ae53d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.726975Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 994be95f-0bcf-4db3-8998-1b34714f4560 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.724174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation bd7138a6-6e01-4d3b-89d0-a9de634e6b7f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.737382Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bac67ad8-eb5b-422b-8e52-c41d5c220afe · outbound

This paper cites QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.741795Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 303e331c-d024-4748-ab91-ce6cfaeb1f09 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.700815Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation bca8138f-94c3-4fc3-8c79-95dfb7aaf6e3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.686549Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 288f2c6c-6045-464a-9794-07a6034ed886 · outbound

This paper cites Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.756959Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation baa44891-d9ac-44ce-866f-48d995adcaff · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.672136Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation de1075ad-7c0f-45f1-8975-d4c9cb75e2c2 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethics.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethics

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.767598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e2736449-3a44-4c55-936a-a3977c0ae5ed · outbound

This paper cites LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.773149Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a58c91f-847f-4afa-b11e-5f8757889fb7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.777738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 40ba700b-be26-4624-9e62-0e4277fcc19e · outbound

This paper cites What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.781932Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a4e864e5-78f2-4b8d-b729-5f240a25860b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.649052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 65d91b3d-b736-45f9-ac9e-f922e60361fe · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.791317Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1c547d5-5873-4668-be93-ebf80eb13cf7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.633843Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation db35493a-9eb3-40c2-939d-12110649446d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.619330Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 1ea7f5bf-f063-4d46-a972-3433b73316b9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.605168Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 33d99f40-47cc-4c61-aea0-6812515a4d73 · outbound

This paper cites Holistic Evaluation of Language Models.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Holistic Evaluation of Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.812296Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1fab40d1-3c53-4edd-af39-bc2a233f10b7 · outbound

This paper cites Confronting LLMs with Traditional ML: Rethinking the Fairness of Large Language Models in Tabular Classifications.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Confronting LLMs with Traditional ML: Rethinking the Fairness of Large Language Models in Tabular Classifications

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.816962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b8ee55aa-f2cc-4dd4-8b89-1309c4cd91cb · outbound

This paper cites LLMs in Biomedicine: A study on clinical Named Entity Recognition.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective LLMs in Biomedicine: A study on clinical Named Entity Recognition

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.821795Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0c00b1d5-b867-4a45-b934-e73204fec4a7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.589186Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 8c9d2f51-be26-4f0b-9325-12d2c5bb69ec · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.831561Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a588122-c526-4ea4-b6d9-694a44f7084d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.571754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 201ab240-02f7-4568-9a88-6ce3b886e385 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.840566Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9dc629ec-f4cb-46c5-83ce-314d12ab8746 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.845697Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a1baf6f-b809-431f-ae3f-4001de8cd57e · outbound

This paper cites Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.850959Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7e296b50-4550-4b4e-b594-446a4b0991c2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.557061Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7deda233-df3b-4ee0-841e-cabd40e61e63 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.860755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 751c1c1c-7dd9-45a7-a7fe-15e1979654ab · outbound

This paper cites Brown, et al.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Brown, et al

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.542807Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 8bc098db-300e-4901-b6dc-4a3f9ab5fa73 · outbound

This paper cites TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.870863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 528da8da-9215-43f5-9b4c-2810415d2049 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.875819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 55b30acb-b6c2-4120-a2ad-d4f0a7e3c0c4 · outbound

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Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.880326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bbe685d0-12bf-4649-887f-ab005a1b8a4c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.885068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c532368c-e304-4364-8673-cca9a917ceae · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.889628Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0cb4048d-458a-4e47-b157-bc5c14a0ecd7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.528369Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 38b07c40-592e-44fd-aedd-89e7ef6b50dc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.514022Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation c8913a30-bd00-40f2-92dd-3319f1ffda77 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.903721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4160762c-9f61-422c-b348-0b241795e2f3 · outbound

This paper cites Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.908709Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 96c2dec1-68e5-4dcf-a277-f2361df351be · outbound

This paper cites ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.913408Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 31e97ac9-bbc0-4f9a-ac32-52324621c16e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.489799Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f6bff583-f63f-4905-b438-b56082b0a666 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Large Language Models in Medicine: Progress, Application, and Challenge.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective A Survey of Large Language Models in Medicine: Progress, Application, and Challenge

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.923944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c3c4327-aca9-45bb-8da3-bbaeb04752ff · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:56.474066Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation a0cede95-1bca-4f02-9b4a-022bb80c4348 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.933949Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 819d7c49-c7ba-462c-a092-ede9f578d06c · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.938848Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7360c0d4-3e6e-4df1-a4f3-984cb144537e · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective write newline

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T05:18:55.944088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 2d048ed7-a665-41ea-8796-92c83ad9e7d3 · inbound

Afrispeech Semantics: Evaluating Audio Semantic Reasoning in Spoken Language Models Across Domains and Accents cites this paper.

Afrispeech Semantics: Evaluating Audio Semantic Reasoning in Spoken Language Models Across Domains and Accents Unveiling Performance Challenges of Large Language Models in Low-Resource Healthcare: A Demographic Fairness Perspective

Reference 294

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-30T22:15:05.604276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.