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REVIEW 2 major objections 6 minor 42 references

High-contrast absorption magnetometry in the visible to near-infrared range with nitrogen-vacancy ensembles

T0 review · 2 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This paper demonstrates that nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond absorb light across a broad band from 710 nm to 1000 nm in a spin-dependent way, enabling cavity-enhanced absorption magnetometry with ODMR contrasts up to 42% and a…

desk verdict Broadband absorption ODMR out to 1000 nm is real and useful, but the abstract oversells the visible-range part and the headline sensitivity is a shot-noise estimate, not a measured floor. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.07798 v1 pith:OERBU53V submitted 2024-12-06 physics.app-ph quant-ph

Florian Schall , Felix A. Hahl , Lukas Lindner , Xavier Vidal , Tingpeng Luo , Alexander M. Zaitsev , Takeshi Ohshima , Jan Jeske
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Rüdiger Quay
This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.app-phquant-ph
keywords nitrogen-vacancycentersmagnetometrycavity-enhancedspectroscopyopticallydetectedmagneticresonancesinglet-stateabsorptionphoton-shot-noise-limitedsensitivitydiamondquantumsensingnear-infrared
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are usually read out by their red fluorescence or by absorption at the single 1042 nm singlet transition. This paper shows a third readout: a broadband, spin-dependent optical absorption that starts in the emission band and extends to 1000 nm, observed at room temperature with a high-finesse optical cavity. The probe beam passes through the diamond hundreds of times, and the resulting optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals reach contrasts up to 42%—much higher than fluorescence-based readout. The authors identify the likely absorber as the lower NV singlet state, populated by resonant microwaves, and estimate a photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 7.5 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at 960 nm. If the result holds, NV magnetometers could use bright coherent lasers in the red-to-NIR range as the signal carrier, a new wavelength regime for this sensor.

What carries the argument

The central mechanism is a high-finesse linear optical cavity ($F > 1200$) containing a diamond placed at Brewster's angle, so the probe laser makes many round trips through the NV ensemble and the effective absorption length grows by a factor $N = 2F/\pi \approx 450$. A resonant microwave field increases the population of the lower singlet state $^{1}E$, which then absorbs the probe light off-resonantly across a broad red-to-NIR band; the resulting transmission dip is the ODMR signal. The same cavity also enhances stimulated emission near 710 nm, and the authors attribute the rising contrast toward 1000 nm to the wavelength-dependent absorption of the lower singlet state, whose broad spectrum they cite from earlier measurements.

What would settle it

Lock the cavity at the 960 nm operating point and record the actual magnetic-field noise spectral density; if the measured noise floor is significantly above 7.5 pT/√Hz after removing technical noise, the reported sensitivity overstates practical performance.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

At room temperature, the authors place a diamond containing roughly 1.9 ppm NV$^-$ centers in a high-finesse cavity, pump it at 532 nm, and send a tunable 710–1000 nm probe beam through the cavity. They observe an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signal at every probe wavelength: when a resonant microwave field is applied, the transmitted probe power drops because the diamond absorbs more light. The contrast grows with wavelength, from a few percent near 710 nm to more than 32% for a single spin resonance (and 42% total) at 1000 nm. Because spontaneous and stimulated emission are negligible at the long-wavelength end, the paper argues the absorption is an off-resonant transition from the lower NV singlet state $^{1}E$, whose population is increased by resonant microwave driving. Optimizing pump and microwave power at 960 nm yields an estimated photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 7.5 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ with a dynamic range of about 280 µT.

Load-bearing premise

The headline sensitivity is a photon-shot-noise-limited estimate, not a measured noise floor; it rests on the assumption that technical noise from cavity-length jitter, laser intensity noise, and microwave inhomogeneity is negligible.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Magnetometry with NV ensembles can be read out with a bright coherent probe from 710 to 1000 nm, not only with fluorescence or the resonant 1042 nm singlet transition.
  • ODMR contrast increases continuously with probe wavelength in this range, reaching split-resonance contrasts above 32% and total contrast above 42% at 1000 nm.
  • The optimized photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity improves with wavelength, reaching 7.5 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at 960 nm with a dynamic range near 280 µT.
  • The same broadband absorption enables room-temperature spectroscopy of the NV singlet band across wavelengths that were previously inaccessible.
  • These results support efforts toward laser threshold magnetometry at higher red and infrared wavelengths, where the contrast boost is largest.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the lower-singlet assignment is correct, the same cavity technique becomes a room-temperature spectrometer for the NV singlet absorption band, potentially mapping its full lineshape between 700 and 1042 nm with ODMR contrast as the readout.
  • The sensitivity trend with wavelength implies that moving the probe closer to the 1042 nm singlet resonance, or increasing probe power near 1000 nm beyond the available laser limit, could push the photon-shot-noise limit below 7.5 pT/√Hz.
  • The strong pump-induced absorption at longer wavelengths suggests an operating trade-off the paper does not fully resolve: higher pump power improves spin polarization but also loads the cavity with extra loss, so pulsed or spatially separated pump and probe geometries might improve the achievable finesse and contrast.
  • A direct measurement of the locked-cavity noise floor would tell whether the 7.5 pT/√Hz estimate survives technical noise; without it, the practical device sensitivity remains an open question.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 6 minor

Summary. This manuscript reports cavity-enhanced continuous-wave pump-probe ODMR measurements on a 1.9 ppm NV ensemble in diamond, with a probe laser tunable between 710 nm and 1000 nm. The authors observe spin-resonant changes in cavity transmission with ODMR contrasts up to 42%, increasing with probe wavelength, and attribute the long-wavelength signals to a broadband microwave-induced optical absorption whose lower level is tentatively the 1E singlet state. By iterating pump and microwave powers at each wavelength they report an optimized photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 7.5 pT/√Hz at 960 nm, and argue that this opens a new detection wavelength regime for NV magnetometry.

Significance. If the interpretation is correct, the paper makes a useful experimental advance: it demonstrates spin-dependent absorption signals at wavelengths where NV emission is negligible, with record-level ODMR contrast and coherent (mW-level) detection, and it provides quantitative evidence relevant to laser-threshold magnetometry at red/IR wavelengths. The strengths include direct measurements of contrast, linewidth, and cavity signal, a standard PSNL formula with no fitted parameter in the central claim, and consistency checks against the known singlet absorption spectrum [33]. The main caveats are that the reported sensitivity is a photon-shot-noise limit rather than a measured noise floor, and that the spectral boundary between stimulated emission and true absorption is not measured; both are explicitly or implicitly acknowledged in the manuscript, but they affect how the headline claims should be framed.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and §3.1] The abstract states 'broadband optical absorption by the NV centers starting in the emission wavelength', but §3.1 says that at small probe wavelengths the high contrast 'can well be explained by magnetic-field-dependent stimulated emission' and that only at high probe wavelengths does 'a broadband microwave-induced optical absorption' become the reason. The crossover wavelength at which absorption begins to dominate is not measured and the two contributions are not separated spectrally. Since the claimed novelty is the spectral extent of the absorption, the paper should either restrict the absorption claim to the wavelength range where it is actually supported, or provide a quantitative separation (e.g., power/linewidth dependence that distinguishes gain from loss). This is the main load-bearing issue.
  2. [§3.2 and §4] The headline sensitivity of 7.5 pT/√Hz is a photon-shot-noise-limited estimate computed from η ∝ δν/(C√R), not a measured noise floor. This is made clear in some places (e.g., the final section states that technical noise will be studied in the future), but the abstract and Fig. 4 present it as 'the best PSNL sensitivity' without the qualifier 'estimated' or 'projected'. Because technical noise (cavity-length jitter, laser intensity noise, microwave inhomogeneity) could easily dominate the quoted value, the manuscript should consistently label all such values as calculated PSNL limits and, if possible, report a measured Allan deviation or noise spectrum.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Abstract] 'starting in the emission wavelength' should be 'starting within the emission band' or 'starting at 710 nm'; the current phrasing is grammatically ambiguous and, in view of the stimulated-emission contribution, potentially misleading.
  2. [Section 2] 'The Δ symbolizes theindividualpower,beamsizeandpolarizationadjustments' contains missing spaces and should be reworded.
  3. [§3.1] 'The data is fitted with a double Lorentzian' should be 'The data are fitted with a double Lorentzian'.
  4. [Fig. 2(c) caption] 'two neighboring measurements points' should be 'two neighboring measurement points'.
  5. [§3.1] The statement that the contrast is 'a new record for an ensemble of NV centers' would benefit from a citation or a clear definition of the comparison set.
  6. [References] Please verify the volume/page details for Ref. 18 ('Phys. Rev. Lett. 5') and Ref. 8 ('nature7'); as printed they are incomplete.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the measured contrasts, linewidths, and cavity signals are direct experimental inputs, and the sensitivity estimate is a standard formula applied to those measurements, not a fitted or self-referential result.

full rationale

The paper's central quantities—ODMR contrast, resonance linewidth, cavity finesse, and detection power—are directly measured with calibrated photoreceivers. The photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity is computed from the standard relation η_B ∝ δν/(C√R) using these measured values, with no parameter fitted to the reported 7.5 pT/√Hz figure. The interpretation that the absorbing lower level is the NV singlet state 1E is checked against an external absorption spectrum [33] and prior singlet-transition measurements, rather than being derived from the authors' own assumptions. Self-citations [27,36] provide experimental context for the cavity setup and for the previously demonstrated stimulated emission at 710 nm; they are used as supporting precedent, not as an unverified uniqueness premise or as a substitute for the present measurements. The only notable weakness is interpretive rather than circular: the paper acknowledges that short-wavelength ODMR contrast 'can well be explained by magnetic-field-dependent stimulated emission' [Section 3.1], so the abstract's phrase 'absorption starting in the emission wavelength' is not strictly established for the shortest probe wavelengths. This is an overstatement of spectral attribution, not a derivation that reduces to its inputs by construction. The central experimental claims are therefore self-contained and appropriately benchmarked against external data.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new free parameters or invented entities are introduced. The paper uses standard cavity and NV physics; the only ad hoc assumption is the assignment of the broadband absorption to the lower singlet state, which the authors themselves flag as tentative.

assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption The NV center level structure and the absorption spectrum of the lower singlet state 1E from Ref. [33] are correct and applicable at room temperature.
    Used in Section 3.1 to interpret the wavelength dependence of the measured ODMR contrast and pump-induced loss.
  • standard math The photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity formula η_B ∝ δν/(C√R) is the correct noise model for cw ODMR, with detection rate R = P0/E_ph.
    Used in Section 3.2 and Supplement S3 to compute the reported 7.5 pT/√Hz; no measured noise floor is provided.
  • standard math The cavity finesse F is related to round-trip losses and the multi-pass enhancement is N = 2F/π.
    Used in Sections 2 and 3.1 to estimate the effective absorption length; standard cavity physics.
  • ad hoc to paper The lower level of the optical absorbing transition is the NV singlet state 1E, with the upper level being a phonon sideband or some other unknown state.
    Proposed in Section 3.1 based on increased absorption under resonant microwave and spectral agreement with Ref. [33]; explicitly labeled as 'could be' and not directly measured.
  • domain assumption The microwave-induced decrease in cavity transmission is caused by NV absorption rather than by other defects, thermal effects, or alignment drift.
    Assumed throughout Section 3.1; supported by the ODMR frequency matching, but no control diamond without NV is shown.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of High-contrast absorption magnetometry in the visible to near-infrared range with nitrogen-vacancy ensembles." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/OERBU53V

@misc{pith2026241207798,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: High-contrast absorption magnetometry in the visible to near-infrared range with nitrogen-vacancy ensembles},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/OERBU53V}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.07798}
}
abstract

Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers has so far been measured via emission of light from NV centers or via absorption at the singlet transition at 1042 nm. Here, we demonstrate a phenomenon of broadband optical absorption by the NV centers starting in the emission wavelength and reaching up to 1000 nm. The measurements are enabled by a high-finesse cavity, which is used for room temperature continuous wave pump-probe experiments. The red to infrared probe beam shows the typical optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signal of the NV spin with contrasts up to 42 %. This broadband optical absorption is not yet reported in terms of NV magnetometry. We argue that the lower level of the absorbing transition could be the energetically lower NV singlet state, based on the increased optical absorption for a resonant microwave field and the spectral behavior. Investigations of the photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity show improvements with increasing probe wavelength, reaching an optimum of 7.5 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$. The results show significantly improved ODMR contrast compared to emission-based magnetometry. This opens a new detection wavelength regime with coherent laser signal detection for high-sensitivity NV magnetometry.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.07798 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. (a) Energy diagram of the negatively charged NV center in diamond. Optical transitions and the corresponding zero-phonon lines (ZPL) are indicated by solid arrows. The thickness of the dashed arrows indicates the strength of the intersystem crossing (ISC). The grey shading symbolizes the phonon broadening of the energy states. (b) Schematic of the experimental setup [27, 36]. The pump laser (green) and probe laser (… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. (a) Normalized ODMR spectra and (b) corresponding contrast for different probe wavelengths showing a strong increase in contrast for increasing wavelengths. The data points in (a) are the mean value with the standard deviation shown as shaded area which is small enough to mostly vanish behind the data points. The data is fitted with a double Lorentzian (solid lines). The pump and microwave powers used are comparable… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. (a) Shot-noise-limited sensitivity, (b) split resonance contrast, (c) linewidth (FWHM) and (d) cavity signal of ODMR measurements for different pump and microwave (MW) powers showing a clear optimum in the sensitivity. The probe wavelength is 960 nm with a power of 𝑃probe ≈ 830 mW. The values are shown as a color plot, where red and blue symbolizes bad and good regarding sensitivity, respectively. The best sensitivi… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (1 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Optimized photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity for different probe wavelengths [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png]

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