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Introduction to Black Hole Thermodynamics

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arxiv 2412.16795 v5 pith:BNVDBRPP submitted 2024-12-21 hep-th gr-qc

Edward Witten This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-thgr-qc
keywords blackholethermodynamicsbasicsentropyintroductionanalogapplications
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These notes aim to provide an introduction to the basics of black hole thermodynamics. After explaining Bekenstein's original proposal that black holes have entropy, we discuss Hawking's discovery of black hole radiation, its analog for Rindler space in the Unruh effect, the Euclidean approach to black hole thermodynamics, some basics about von Neumann entropy and its applications, the Ryu-Takayanagi formula, and the nature of a white hole.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Information-Theoretic Black Hole Entropy I: Beyond the Area Law

    hep-th 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Black hole entropy is proposed to equal the Kullback-Leibler divergence between a mass-biased N-bit ensemble and the uniform ensemble, with the area law as the leading 1/N term.

  2. A revision to the QES prescription

    hep-th 2025-06 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    The paper proposes a weighted-sum revision of the quantum extremal surface formula, but the weight is assumed rather than derived.

  3. Thermodynamics of black and white holes in ensemble of Planckons

    gr-qc 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A toy model counting pairs of Planckons gives integer black hole entropy, negative white hole entropy, charge-independent Reissner-Nordstrom entropy, and a quantized cosmological constant.

  4. Acceleration radiation and HBAR thermodynamics for atoms falling into a BTZ black hole: A CQM quantum-optics approach

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    An established atomic-detector model of black-hole radiation is extended to the 2+1-dimensional BTZ black hole, reproducing Hawking-temperature thermal emission and an entropy proportional to horizon 'area'.

  5. Probing phase transitions of regular black holes in anti-de Sitter space with Lyapunov exponent

    gr-qc 2025-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    For charged regular AdS black holes in quasi-topological gravity, the null-geodesic Lyapunov exponent jumps at the first-order phase transition and its phase difference vanishes at the critical point with exponent 1/2...

  6. Quantum thermodynamics in a rotating BTZ black hole spacetime

    hep-th 2025-07 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A detector in rotating BTZ spacetime thermalizes faster when heating than when cooling, but the effect traces to the two baths having different temperatures.

  7. Quantum Scattering in Schwarzschild Spacetime: Hawking Radiation and Black Hole Atmospheres

    hep-th 2026-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    The paper derives a Bose-Einstein emission rate at the Hawking temperature and an atmosphere radius rAtm = 4 ln2 r_s from antibound poles of the Schwarzschild S-matrix, but the derivation is not self-consistent.

  8. Celestial Chiral Algebras and Self-Dual Gravity

    hep-th 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    This thesis derives deformations of celestial chiral algebras in self-dual gravity on curved backgrounds, obtaining W(infinity) on Eguchi-Hanson space, Ldiff_q(C) under Moyal deformation, and a two-parameter deformati...

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