Pith. sign in

Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks

As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.00762.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.00762 v2

Coverage vector

measured 34 of 34 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.987849Z

measured 36 of 36 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T11:23:28.294391Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

34 of 34 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact1
  • verified fuzzy26
  • unresolved7
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 867c905b-5411-4193-9c3f-fd6c2c93a871 · outbound

This paper cites Random dynamical systems.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Random dynamical systems

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.806738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.734054Z digest=sha256:6c1208da1898bd66945fd42ed1ca1b9c117e26922395666051143a7674b795ab

Observation 315a7d89-31fb-4c39-8487-3939a7085ab0 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring and relieving the over-smoothing problem for graph neural networks from the topological view.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Measuring and relieving the over-smoothing problem for graph neural networks from the topological view

Reference 2

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.781700Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.743894Z digest=sha256:39f355d9d07aca6821f7d9cac0a9364097c8dc19637a049e0a36e82355231b64

Observation 8a301201-d39e-4f2c-a182-227e77a32bf0 · outbound

This paper cites FastGCN: Fast Learning with Graph Convolutional Networks via Importance Sampling.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks FastGCN: Fast Learning with Graph Convolutional Networks via Importance Sampling

Reference 3

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.749534Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.749534Z digest=sha256:8ad208f1af65c677df7bd876726e70fa62c6a666335703f6e4568b0698aecdae

Observation a396ab2f-d80a-4fb4-a1c3-f576e23a5fcd · outbound

This paper cites Cohen and Charles M.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Cohen and Charles M

Reference 4

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.762355Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.758277Z digest=sha256:fe0bfad7d8147de53888091d7273c6cfb9df7d06c44fe879ddfc26e9f435e576

Observation 781dfe6c-f189-4d5d-8e2f-2b4cf2617937 · outbound

This paper cites A Note on Over-Smoothing for Graph Neural Networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A Note on Over-Smoothing for Graph Neural Networks

Reference 5

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.771559Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.771559Z digest=sha256:d64e79c0edf343c84d4eb559956d9e104bde59ada275d32cf96580743d4a5a12

Observation 9f4f37ea-958c-422f-94f9-21a321271e89 · outbound

This paper cites Principles for Initialization and Architecture Selection in Graph Neural Networks with ReLU Activations.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Principles for Initialization and Architecture Selection in Graph Neural Networks with ReLU Activations

Reference 6

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.181485Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.779111Z digest=sha256:94744520524e9f2497c7dfad4e9add5e1d5135d87458d1f3231b2e35b57cfe1a

Observation f0f1ce97-6bed-4dca-91a3-f02a5b666a08 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.740034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.787148Z digest=sha256:35ef25c202bd07362eaa90c152cfb68a4c03a192daaa6e5874c13fe37b8008c3

Observation 9708a534-7b1e-4908-bc77-315d4b12c9d7 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks

Reference 8

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.718346Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.792937Z digest=sha256:300dbd4b9cb63b67dcf69cf13351138e7a764447e4943e1db60918da84e7ee81

Observation c09e8efa-0931-420b-bc75-e3fee0ead939 · outbound

This paper cites Exact combinatorial optimization with graph convolutional neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Exact combinatorial optimization with graph convolutional neural networks

Reference 9

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.695628Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.797950Z digest=sha256:f6e5bd56e4e0de4d5a6cd231423c7961b18c111bf6ee010a79082ec49ff04270

Observation 4f6e8803-4c52-4eb8-acf9-e443c47d4744 · outbound

This paper cites Neural message passing for quantum chemistry.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Neural message passing for quantum chemistry

Reference 10

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.674603Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.805257Z digest=sha256:2cf38ab88afaba169ed9488f61a8dd8143479349ff98a1003fcd6c655c60512e

Observation 1933447d-7d60-491a-bd43-f758c92a904d · outbound

This paper cites An overview on the application of graph neural networks in wireless networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks An overview on the application of graph neural networks in wireless networks

Reference 11

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.650229Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.811364Z digest=sha256:362822a69db697624972520f1579aef7287bd37fdb35c5e8f5b7aa99c17c0b10

Observation 1a71b996-82a8-46b2-a2cc-545191339528 · outbound

This paper cites Deep residual learning for image recognition.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Deep residual learning for image recognition

Reference 12

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.818010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.818010Z digest=sha256:4ed782699b62e4eae9bdc3469aeedd929f2d7e32389f753bbd52d8ab2267e579

Observation 15696b80-0dcc-464d-90d6-d4393c9e0e03 · outbound

This paper cites Not too little, not too much: a theoretical analysis of graph (over) smoothing.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Not too little, not too much: a theoretical analysis of graph (over) smoothing

Reference 13

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.614286Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.826849Z digest=sha256:9fd105bd4ecf2eefea007956a1c54dd46831c8e9746eb09bace1f99a96ac0fb7

Observation 60b7afe9-ea9e-48e2-81c6-f27f545fe985 · outbound

This paper cites Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

Reference 14

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.834144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.834144Z digest=sha256:ff30dd8c40e3f55b6ef8f3ce4eb2c0f3ea7eba8f6e2cb0373d9abe4e91e129a6

Observation 7de468ea-d72a-487f-9ee0-2499b246eecb · outbound

This paper cites Kipf and Max Welling.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Kipf and Max Welling

Reference 15

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.597437Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.840656Z digest=sha256:5f1ded3a8556a3adc85c5f853f42b923ad88ea3a9c534a724f08602a684a8691

Observation a4d343a1-14bc-4ef2-af59-c8e72d4f49b9 · outbound

This paper cites A review of graph neural networks and their applications in power systems.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A review of graph neural networks and their applications in power systems

Reference 16

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.578806Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.847683Z digest=sha256:5feccd78849091d397ef976a82f97dcc5726dcbcbe90a3965681d6efd1a3171b

Observation 18950c49-747b-4e4b-ae9d-083862e11253 · outbound

This paper cites Deeper insights into graph convolutional networks for semi-supervised learning.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Deeper insights into graph convolutional networks for semi-supervised learning

Reference 17

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.560818Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.867242Z digest=sha256:ca4e84e1938539cd7e2436c04055cbd737feea70c6ef9c579e6001f33a198c61

Observation 8ede011c-4196-40da-aa4f-d74270bbf1fe · outbound

This paper cites Graph neural networks meet wireless communications: Motivation, applications, and future directions.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Graph neural networks meet wireless communications: Motivation, applications, and future directions

Reference 18

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.543190Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.873551Z digest=sha256:3b4fddeff4495c63d9f346aa34353c9fb0939cf19077304c30c9864acedd25d4

Observation e6673c75-e290-4839-9197-f2d52ace16c0 · outbound

This paper cites Markov chains.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Markov chains

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.525686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.880432Z digest=sha256:a3e3c798f983836ba9d00bc9723f05c2a64ce95d056f108c0ed23436c9843f35

Observation 8c375bec-b1ca-494d-90ca-1930f8262fd3 · outbound

This paper cites Graph neural networks exponentially lose expressive power for node classification.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Graph neural networks exponentially lose expressive power for node classification

Reference 20

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.507940Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.887163Z digest=sha256:070980175a5c5d251107750bf21629f069f4cab1188b0678cf55e9493acc36ef

Observation c047bc25-054d-4ce5-9a03-88dc3f126ee3 · outbound

This paper cites A multiplicative ergodic theorem.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A multiplicative ergodic theorem

Reference 21

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.488566Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.893036Z digest=sha256:b12380d7dedacd68c51af13e13f5053edf524954a57d81f109dd0d21781ef16a

Observation 24a6a041-25b4-46df-a8c3-ff540e625fad · outbound

This paper cites A survey on oversmoothing in graph neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A survey on oversmoothing in graph neural networks

Reference 22

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.468474Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.898638Z digest=sha256:06255b6554b017edd61489509df524abec6038265ae888344b8d1f6c7035f69e

Observation c6233368-ebb7-4b32-b447-90956627bc4e · outbound

This paper cites Graph neural networks in particle physics.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Graph neural networks in particle physics

Reference 23

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.447773Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.903974Z digest=sha256:40f924e17c3dde4ffeb7b233eb7f14450e557c29aec6b3a4d7a4cdf1a1429fba

Observation 875c8949-b98d-4d21-84aa-b46b7b1fc1e2 · outbound

This paper cites The graph neural network model.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks The graph neural network model

Reference 24

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.429295Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.910644Z digest=sha256:c1e19b8ad020924d3031b87a7e745b1cb47aa10ce37f167398c75ffc930d2cff

Observation 71b030a6-0758-4da7-a612-c597371a0a35 · outbound

This paper cites Residual connections and normalization can provably prevent oversmoothing in gnns.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Residual connections and normalization can provably prevent oversmoothing in gnns

Reference 25

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.916506Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.916506Z digest=sha256:dff6b213cef2095edbbc7cb3c4796958a3bcc9f45db3993883931c6e549bf3b2

Observation 65bc648a-ab8a-48bb-bebd-d882fc0b8888 · outbound

This paper cites Graph attention networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Graph attention networks

Reference 26

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.407828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.924953Z digest=sha256:26814e05bf38d8ebbaef11a3540d9c5479f66b03d4b04b89d5f67172a74f8c65

Observation 3670a408-17a1-42c4-bc1b-4a2b873eb0fd · outbound

This paper cites Demystifying oversmoothing in attention-based graph neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Demystifying oversmoothing in attention-based graph neural networks

Reference 27

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.386202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.932338Z digest=sha256:6d990d1d13e1e7ec7a7ba819abbcef24a11f6607dd3a255c73fb852974e0e6b8

Observation f6606020-5569-4c48-89d0-ccacaee51239 · outbound

This paper cites A non-asymptotic analysis of oversmoothing in graph neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A non-asymptotic analysis of oversmoothing in graph neural networks

Reference 28

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.368193Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.938911Z digest=sha256:d8ca67a453b1ca572d326d3c5e0bba106d7e01ee296d25e3536fee3f7563140c

Observation 636e60b8-d948-425b-a056-6ebb7a36c2fa · outbound

This paper cites A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks

Reference 29

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:03.950288Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.950288Z digest=sha256:1afbcce10d3a496ff185bfbcfb4cc6303dacb2cafde387e6bb7426701d6717d8

Observation d1be6ee9-f6a4-481c-9a65-ae6a9bfe6e84 · outbound

This paper cites A review on graph neural network methods in financial applications.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A review on graph neural network methods in financial applications

Reference 30

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.335049Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.957319Z digest=sha256:acf7d919ddc72cf95c2a70d6824ee34d8da76ffee41bedb19d1c22dac5f8efcc

Observation 1306f931-9602-4fe4-8281-18c21a2baed1 · outbound

This paper cites Revisiting semi-supervised learning with graph embeddings.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Revisiting semi-supervised learning with graph embeddings

Reference 31

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.316918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.964018Z digest=sha256:0740548b1b5285c7bc4446a217b14d5d70dc5b5c8a0517c681066278cf104484

Observation b6ab79bc-ffae-4800-9087-0c5ea8f73e92 · outbound

This paper cites Graph neural networks: A review of methods and applications.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Graph neural networks: A review of methods and applications

Reference 32

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.299425Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.970321Z digest=sha256:d2ed0137bc1f9b4bd1dc7bac0bb4238fa965cdaa738d4901944ad15a1a197d0a

Observation c1ea89ed-579f-477d-b496-92149a7eaa11 · outbound

This paper cites Graph neural networks and their current applications in bioinformatics.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks Graph neural networks and their current applications in bioinformatics

Reference 33

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.277594Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.977655Z digest=sha256:12203195f41afa81f4b85960003bfa90a0243965a84718b282c422fb0bfd02f8

Observation 42004854-4883-402e-b242-20d199616ea1 · outbound

This paper cites A comprehensive review of the oversmoothing in graph neural networks.

Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks A comprehensive review of the oversmoothing in graph neural networks

Reference 34

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:52:04.256269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-10T22:52:03.987849Z digest=sha256:7e12621af7e8abcfa4f5bb0a31f794fff128a37ab650d566868b8b6395b32387

Pith citing papers

Observation 014ed71f-aa82-492f-8e19-0bdd56b9d305 · inbound

Critical attention scaling in long-context transformers cites this paper.

Critical attention scaling in long-context transformers Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T11:23:28.294391Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T11:23:28.294391Z digest=sha256:52a995f31aabe840299903bbda21f2218624ccaa79559fd6e1343c498b505e54

Observation 44471e30-fde5-43d4-bb4e-50badf061aaa · inbound

On the Diverse Dynamical Behaviors Arising in Deep Linear Transformers cites this paper.

On the Diverse Dynamical Behaviors Arising in Deep Linear Transformers Residual connections provably mitigate oversmoothing in graph neural networks

Reference 29

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T15:05:01.548838Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-01T15:05:01.548838Z digest=sha256:74d063c8391797f8dcc2f9121923f73580b5715bd45eea23e0b919b007adb5af