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Pinching Antennas: Principles, Applications and Challenges
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Flexible-antenna systems, such as fluid antennas and movable antennas, have been recognized as key enabling technologies for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, as they can intelligently reconfigure the effective channel gains of the users and hence significantly improve their data transmission capabilities. However, existing flexible-antenna systems have been designed to combat small-scale fading in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) conditions. As a result, they lack the ability to establish line-of-sight links, which are typically 100 times stronger than NLoS links. In addition, existing flexible-antenna systems have limited flexibility, where adding/removing an antenna is not straightforward. This article introduces an innovative flexible-antenna system called pinching antennas, which are realized by applying small dielectric particles to waveguides. We first describe the basics of pinching-antenna systems and their ability to provide strong LoS links by deploying pinching antennas close to the users as well as their capability to scale up/down the antenna system. We then focus on communication scenarios with different numbers of waveguides and pinching antennas, where innovative approaches to implement multiple-input multiple-output and non-orthogonal multiple access are discussed. In addition, promising 6G-related applications of pinching antennas, including integrated sensing and communication and next-generation multiple access, are presented. Finally, important directions for future research, such as waveguide deployment and channel estimation, are highlighted.
Forward citations
Cited by 18 Pith papers
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Capacity Characterization of Pinching-Antenna Systems
This paper characterizes the two-user capacity region of pinching-antenna systems, proving their capacity region contains that of fixed-antenna systems and that TDMA and FDMA are nearly optimal in the multiple-pinch case.
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Performance Analysis of Pinching-Antenna Systems
Closed-form outage probability and average rate for pinching-antenna systems with waveguide losses, plus the optimal antenna position along the waveguide.
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On the Blockage Effect in Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS)
Obstacles modeled as random cylinders in a Poisson field give closed-form outage and rate formulas for pinching-antenna systems, with the sliding antenna beating a fixed center antenna.
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C-PASS: Center-Fed Pinching Antenna System
Center-fed pinching antenna systems achieve twice the degrees of freedom and an extra O(P_T ln^4 N/N^2) multiplexing gain over a co-located end-fed baseline.
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Uplink RSMA for Pinching-Antenna Systems
Closed-form outage probabilities for a two-user, two-antenna uplink pinching-antenna system with rate-splitting multiple access, with simulations showing RSMA outperforming NOMA.
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Robust Resource Allocation for Pinching-Antenna Systems under Imperfect CSI
A robust resource allocation with outage constraints for pinching-antenna downlinks under user-location uncertainty, solved by geometric area analysis and PSO.
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An Energy Efficient Design of Hybrid NOMA Based on Hybrid SIC with Power Adaptation
The paper's hybrid NOMA scheme with power adaptation and hybrid SIC is shown to outperform OMA in rate and energy with probability approaching 1 at high SNR, without special rate or power conditions.
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Deep Learning Optimization of Two-State Pinching Antennas Systems
A graph neural network with distributed attention selects near-optimal subsets of active pinching antennas, matching a Gurobi solver's rates within a few percent and generalizing from 50 to 1000 antennas.
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Pinching-Antenna Systems with In-Waveguide Attenuation: Performance Analysis and Algorithm Design
Pinching-antenna placement must trade free-space path loss against exponential in-waveguide attenuation; the paper gives a closed-form single-user solution and a rate-loss approximation, then extends to multi-user bea...
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Pinching Antenna Systems versus Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in mmWave
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces need on the order of 10^4 to 10^5 elements to match pinching antenna systems in mmWave spectral efficiency, and pinching antennas show much higher energy efficiency under the assume...
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Joint Beamforming for NOMA Assisted Pinching Antenna Systems (PASS)
A NOMA-assisted pinching antenna system with jointly optimized antenna positions, transmit beamforming, and power allocation is simulated to reduce downlink transmit power by over 95% versus a fixed massive MIMO-NOMA ...
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Exploiting Pinching-Antenna Systems in Multicast Communications
Optimizing pinching-antenna positions along dielectric waveguides improves multicast rates, with closed-form results for a single antenna and iterative algorithms for multiple antennas or waveguides.
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Multi-Waveguide Pinching Antennas for ISAC
A successive convex approximation algorithm jointly optimizes transmit pinching-antenna locations and beamforming for a multi-waveguide integrated sensing and communications system.
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OFDMA for Pinching Antenna Systems
A fixed multi-pinching-antenna downlink is modeled as a finite-impulse-response channel, and an OFDMA max-min subcarrier and power allocation is shown by simulation to raise the worst-user rate over single-carrier baselines.
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Rate Optimization for Downlink URLLC via Pinching Antenna Arrays
For a single-user downlink with pinching antennas, the proposed design clusters antennas near the user's x-coordinate at minimum spacing, then fine-tunes positions to align phases for coherent combining.
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A Gradient Meta-Learning Joint Optimization for Beamforming and Antenna Position in Pinching-Antenna Systems
A gradient meta-learning algorithm with two unrolled neural networks jointly optimizes beamforming and pinching-antenna positions, reporting 5.6 bits/s/Hz weighted sum rate and a 32.7% gain over alternating optimizati...
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On the Performance of Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS) with Orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
For a two-room pinching-antenna setup, the line-of-sight user's outage probability drops sharply compared to a fixed antenna, while the non-line-of-sight user keeps diversity order one and changes little.
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Energy-Efficient Design for Downlink Pinching-Antenna Systems with QoS Guarantee
The authors formulate and solve EE maximization for a TDMA downlink pinching-antenna system with QoS constraints, via antenna placement, a feasibility test, and alternating semi-analytical power and time allocation.
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