Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.512196Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition
As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 29 of 29 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2504.16061.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-09T16:18:15.917659Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: pith, observed 2026-07-09T16:26:20.752416Z
Reference resolution
29 of 29 outbound references displayed
- verified exact0
- verified fuzzy18
- unresolved11
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation a357382b-e330-4dd0-9785-b4ffd30cc74d · outbound
This paper cites Amant, J Gregory Trafton, et al.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Amant, J Gregory Trafton, et al
Reference 1
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:07.007823Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f3212152-2377-407c-8f96-e4782da0eaae · outbound
This paper cites Spatial reasoning.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Spatial reasoning
Reference 2
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.995868Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation c13173e1-e7ea-4349-b5ab-7b82556d935e · outbound
This paper cites SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models
Reference 3
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.417789Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 86d68f78-f7db-4f96-bc6c-fa2f127ea92b · outbound
This paper cites Spa- tialvlm: Endowing vision-language models with spa- tial reasoning capabilities.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Spa- tialvlm: Endowing vision-language models with spa- tial reasoning capabilities
Reference 4
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.985035Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 3c787524-bae6-48bb-a611-bfe85bd05b99 · outbound
This paper cites Large language models are visual reasoning coor- dinators.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Large language models are visual reasoning coor- dinators
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.973691Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 279db72f-026a-4e35-a91b-dd96ba8541ec · outbound
This paper cites SpatialRGPT: Grounded Spatial Reasoning in Vision Language Models.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition SpatialRGPT: Grounded Spatial Reasoning in Vision Language Models
Reference 6
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.429836Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b77c39ae-db78-44ce-b606-f7e7a0d9daa2 · outbound
This paper cites What makes mental modeling difficult? normative data for the mul- tidimensional relational reasoning task.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition What makes mental modeling difficult? normative data for the mul- tidimensional relational reasoning task
Reference 7
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.962533Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 45e848a0-3ba5-4b6a-b9f9-4984f3f8d969 · outbound
This paper cites Spatial com- munication systems across languages reflect universal action constraints.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Spatial com- munication systems across languages reflect universal action constraints
Reference 8
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.952223Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 365d2330-92f4-4e46-944b-402a5fa80f1f · outbound
This paper cites Objaverse: A universe of annotated 3d ob- jects.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Objaverse: A universe of annotated 3d ob- jects
Reference 9
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.941305Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 59f2b213-f65a-4d5a-8dfe-bb83c2465e25 · outbound
This paper cites Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning
Reference 10
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.445081Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d78ec83f-5de6-4d97-b4f2-ed4ad02f7744 · outbound
This paper cites Exploring the fron- tier of vision-language models: A survey of current methodologies and future directions.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Exploring the fron- tier of vision-language models: A survey of current methodologies and future directions
Reference 11
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.448839Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1dc2dd4f-ed37-4fcf-9e9a-fd5fedb816d8 · outbound
This paper cites Spatial lan- guage and spatial representation.Cognition, 55(1):39– 84, 1995.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Spatial lan- guage and spatial representation.Cognition, 55(1):39– 84, 1995
Reference 12
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.929509Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 9bdba29e-97ae-425e-9e6c-b11b6cc2df26 · outbound
This paper cites Correctness comparison of chatgpt-4, gemini, claude-3, and copilot for spatial tasks.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Correctness comparison of chatgpt-4, gemini, claude-3, and copilot for spatial tasks
Reference 13
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.917474Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 6a3bac8e-e1a5-4b5a-b989-233a96832039 · outbound
This paper cites What's "up" with vision-language models? Investigating their struggle with spatial reasoning.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition What's "up" with vision-language models? Investigating their struggle with spatial reasoning
Reference 14
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.459331Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fb4dba2f-a4ca-4658-a531-6c77f33fa41b · outbound
This paper cites Space to reason: A spatial theory of human thought.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Space to reason: A spatial theory of human thought
Reference 15
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.905447Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 43d752fc-0c63-4975-a338-8b112bdd0a31 · outbound
This paper cites Whence and whither in spatial language and spatial cognition? Be- havioral and brain sciences, 16(2):255–265, 1993.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Whence and whither in spatial language and spatial cognition? Be- havioral and brain sciences, 16(2):255–265, 1993
Reference 16
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.894674Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation a02cbd10-c82a-47ab-a211-84f641d0a0b4 · outbound
This paper cites What matters when building vision-language models?.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition What matters when building vision-language models?
Reference 17
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.469788Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fe77a344-09ca-4285-b9bf-69d7366a100f · outbound
This paper cites BLIP: Bootstrapping language-image pre- training for unified vision-language understanding and generation.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition BLIP: Bootstrapping language-image pre- training for unified vision-language understanding and generation
Reference 18
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.881789Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ef0e08f4-99df-4b9b-afe0-1d96547d1f23 · outbound
This paper cites A Survey of Attacks on Large Vision-Language Models: Resources, Advances, and Future Trends.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition A Survey of Attacks on Large Vision-Language Models: Resources, Advances, and Future Trends
Reference 19
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.477196Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c035cd08-07a2-450e-b9aa-ff4bc77294d7 · outbound
This paper cites Visual spatial reasoning.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Visual spatial reasoning
Reference 20
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.869517Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation a825e976-011b-4371-983f-452a91303b21 · outbound
This paper cites A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models
Reference 21
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.484550Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2e236229-42f0-4454-9cca-8f285cd87247 · outbound
This paper cites Zero-shot visual reasoning by vision-language mod- els: Benchmarking and analysis.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Zero-shot visual reasoning by vision-language mod- els: Benchmarking and analysis
Reference 22
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.857728Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 1ecb8195-7411-402b-9ec5-44089044ae8a · outbound
This paper cites A theory and a computational model of spatial reasoning with pre- ferred mental models.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition A theory and a computational model of spatial reasoning with pre- ferred mental models
Reference 23
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.846222Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation da906f70-248b-4cbf-8bd5-825a4d8b1813 · outbound
This paper cites Sparkle: Master- ing basic spatial capabilities in vision language mod- els elicits generalization to composite spatial reason- ing.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Sparkle: Master- ing basic spatial capabilities in vision language mod- els elicits generalization to composite spatial reason- ing
Reference 24
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.494988Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bfe9250d-697b-4c28-bdd9-53055b172d26 · outbound
This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models
Reference 25
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.498562Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 73f7707a-ccb3-4450-af0a-1d2dc1b946ca · outbound
This paper cites Learning phys- ical parameters from dynamic scenes.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Learning phys- ical parameters from dynamic scenes
Reference 26
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.834817Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation c69e8c64-5800-4136-bf54-54f998527666 · outbound
This paper cites When and why vision-language models behave like bags-of-words, and what to do about it?, 2023.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition When and why vision-language models behave like bags-of-words, and what to do about it?, 2023
Reference 27
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.823137Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ca3535d1-a0d7-43fe-a784-cfca6ba4d0dd · outbound
This paper cites Vision-language models for vision tasks: A sur- vey.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Vision-language models for vision tasks: A sur- vey
Reference 28
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.809897Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ec4b1981-974c-4b0c-896d-d2fb7111b640 · outbound
This paper cites Do Vision-Language Models Represent Space and How? Evaluating Spatial Frame of Reference Under Ambiguities.
Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition Do Vision-Language Models Represent Space and How? Evaluating Spatial Frame of Reference Under Ambiguities
Reference 29
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:17:06.512196Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Pith citing papers
Observation 400f398f-56c9-4e8a-b2d4-a96bd4f7b03c · inbound
Evaluation of Multilingual Ability to Use Spatial Deictic Expressions in Vision-Language Models cites this paper.
Evaluation of Multilingual Ability to Use Spatial Deictic Expressions in Vision-Language Models Vision language models are unreliable at trivial spatial cognition
Reference 34
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-09T16:26:20.757332Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.