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Extended TeV Halos May Commonly Exist around Middle-Aged Pulsars

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arxiv 2505.00175 v1 pith:RCIHLWC5 submitted 2025-04-30 astro-ph.HE

A. Albert , R. Alfaro , C. Alvarez , J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez , D. Avila Rojas , H.A. Ayala Solares , R. Babu , E. Belmont-Moreno
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A. Bernal K.S. Caballero-Mora T. Capistrán A. Carramiñana S. Casanova U. Cotti J. Cotzomi S. Coutiño de León E. De la Fuente D. Depaoli P. Desiati N. Di Lalla R. Diaz Hernandez B.L. Dingus M.A. DuVernois J.C. Díaz-Vélez K. Engel C. Espinoza K.L. Fan N. Fraija J.A. García-González F. Garfias H. Goksu M.M. González J.A. Goodman S. Groetsch J.P. Harding S. Hernández-Cadena I. Herzog D. Huang F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla A. Iriarte S. Kaufmann D. Kieda J. Lee H. León Vargas J.T. Linnemann A.L. Longinotti G. Luis-Raya K. Malone O. Martinez J. MartínezCastro J.A. Matthews P. Miranda-Romagnoli J.A. Morales-Soto E. Moreno M. Mostafá M. Najafi A. Nayerhoda L. Nellen M.U. Nisa N. Omodei Y. Pérez Araujo E.G. Pérez-Pérez C.D. Rho D. Rosa-González E. Ruiz-Velasco H. Salazar D. Salazar-Gallegos A. Sandoval M. Schneider J. Serna-Franco Y. Son R.W. Springer O. Tibolla K. Tollefson I. Torres R. Torres-Escobedo R. Turner F. Ureña-Mena E. Varela L. Villaseñor X. Wang E. Willox H. Zhou C. de León
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abstract

Extended gamma-ray emission around isolated pulsars at TeV energies, also known as TeV halos, have been found around a handful of middle-aged pulsars. The halos are significantly more extended than their pulsar wind nebulae but much smaller than the particle diffusion length in the interstellar medium. The origin of TeV halos is unknown. Interpretations invoke either local effects related to the environment of a pulsar or generic particle transport behaviors. The latter scenario predicts that TeV halos would be a universal phenomena for all pulsars. We searched for extended gamma-ray emission around 36 isolated middle-aged pulsars identified by radio and gamma-ray facilities using 2321 days of data from the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. Through a stacking analysis comparing TeV flux models against a background-only hypothesis, we identified TeV halo-like emission at a significance level of $5.10\,\sigma$. Our results imply that extended TeV gamma-ray halos may commonly exist around middle-aged pulsars. This reveals a previously unknown feature about pulsars and opens a new window to identify the pulsar population that is invisible to radio, x-ray, and GeV gamma-ray observations due to magnetospheric configurations.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. FAST Discovery of $\mu$Jy Radio Pulsations from PSR J2238+5903, Providing a DM Distance Anchor for the Candidate TeV Halo 1LHAASO J2238+5900

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.5 of 10

    First radio detection of PSR J2238+5903 yields DM = 247.5 ± 3.0 pc cm^{-3} and a model distance of 7.4 ± 3.9 kpc that anchors the physical scale and TeV efficiency of candidate halo 1LHAASO J2238+5900.

  2. The Galactic Neutrino Sky: Predictions from Gamma-ray Source Populations

    astro-ph.HE 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A template of resolved and unresolved gamma-ray sources, added to an unmodified diffuse model, reproduces the shape and spectrum of IceCube's inner-Galaxy neutrino excess.

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