Gravitational Lenses in UNIONS and Euclid (GLUE) I: A Search for Strong Gravitational Lenses in UNIONS with Subaru, CFHT, and Pan-STARRS Data

We present the results of our pipeline for discovering strong gravitational lenses in the ongoing Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS). We successfully train the deep residual neural network (ResNet) based on CMU-Deeplens architecture, which is designed to detect strong lenses in ground-based imaging surveys. We train on images of real strong lenses and deploy on a sample of 8 million galaxies in areas with full coverage in the g, r, and i filters, the first multi-band search for strong gravitational lenses in UNIONS. Following human inspection and grading, we report the discovery of a total of 1346 new strong lens candidates of which 146 are grade A, 199 grade B, and 1001 grade C. Of these candidates, 283 have lens-galaxy spectroscopic redshifts from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and an additional 297 from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1 (DR1). We find 15 of these systems display evidence of both lens and source galaxy redshifts in spectral superposition. We additionally report the spectroscopic confirmation of seven lensed sources in highquality systems, all with z > 2.1, using the Keck Near-Infrared Echelle Spectrograph (NIRES) and Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph (GNIRS).