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arxiv: 2505.08530 · v3 · submitted 2025-05-13 · ✦ hep-ex

The environmental impact, carbon emissions and sustainability of computing in the ATLAS experiment

ATLAS Collaboration This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 15:54 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords environmental impactcarbon emissionssustainabilitycomputing infrastructureATLASLHCHL-LHCdata centers
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0 comments X

The pith

ATLAS is assessing its global computing network to cut carbon emissions before HL-LHC data taking begins.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports on ongoing work inside the ATLAS collaboration to measure and reduce the environmental footprint of its distributed computing resources, which already run nearly a million CPU cores and hold over a million terabytes of data across roughly 100 sites. Upgrades for the High-Luminosity LHC are projected to multiply those resources by a factor of three to four in the early 2030s and by an order of magnitude by the early 2040s, making early mitigation steps necessary. The collaboration is pursuing this through community awareness programs, changes to computing policy, and targeted modifications to data-center configurations that either exploit features of ATLAS workloads or apply generic efficiency improvements. A sympathetic reader would care because these steps could produce concrete, site-level recommendations that lower the experiment's total expected impact over the coming decades of operation.

Core claim

ATLAS maintains a large internationally distributed computing infrastructure and is now systematically evaluating its environmental impact through awareness building, policy adjustments, and data-center modifications that leverage ATLAS-specific workload characteristics or general efficiency gains, with the explicit long-term aim of delivering recommendations that will significantly reduce the overall environmental burden during the HL-LHC era.

What carries the argument

The distributed computing infrastructure together with the three mitigation channels of awareness campaigns, computing-policy changes, and workload-aware or generic data-center configuration adjustments.

If this is right

  • Raising awareness across the collaboration makes environmental costs visible in daily computing decisions.
  • Policy adjustments can shift resource allocation toward lower-impact configurations without sacrificing physics output.
  • Data-center modifications that match ATLAS workload patterns can reduce power draw at individual sites.
  • Generic efficiency measures applicable to any high-performance computing facility can be adopted alongside ATLAS-specific ones.
  • Actionable outcomes already obtained from these investigations can be applied immediately while longer-term recommendations are developed.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Other LHC experiments facing similar resource growth could copy the same evaluation and mitigation framework.
  • Public release of the resulting site-level recommendations might influence sustainability standards for large-scale scientific computing worldwide.
  • Tracking actual emission reductions after changes would allow iterative refinement of the approaches described.

Load-bearing premise

Changes to computing policy and data-center configurations will produce significant, measurable reductions in environmental impact.

What would settle it

A quantitative audit of total carbon emissions or energy use at ATLAS sites after the recommended policy and configuration changes are implemented, compared against baseline projections without those changes.

read the original abstract

ATLAS, a general-purpose experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), makes use of a large internationally-distributed computing infrastructure, including over $10^6$ TB of managed data on disk and tape and almost one million simultaneously running CPU cores. Upgrades for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will increase the required computing resources by a factor of 3-4 by the beginning of the 2030s, and by an order of magnitude before the conclusion of data taking at the beginning of the 2040s. These resources are spread over around 100 computing sites worldwide. Efforts are underway within the experiment to evaluate and mitigate various aspects of the environmental impact of the sites, with the additional long-term goal of making recommendations to the sites that will significantly reduce the total expected environmental impact in the HL-LHC era. These efforts take several forms: building awareness in the experiment community, adjusting aspects of the computing policy, and modifications of data center configurations, either in ways that take advantage of particular features of ATLAS workloads or in generic ways that reduce the environmental impact of the computing resources. This paper describes the ongoing investigations and approaches that have already provided useful and actionable outcomes.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes the ATLAS experiment's large-scale distributed computing infrastructure (over 10^6 TB of data and nearly 1 million CPU cores) and the projected 3-4x (later up to 10x) increase in resources required for the HL-LHC era. It outlines ongoing efforts to evaluate and mitigate environmental impacts through community awareness-building, adjustments to computing policy, and data-center configuration changes (both ATLAS-workload-specific and generic). The central claim is that these activities have already produced useful and actionable outcomes and will enable recommendations that significantly reduce the total expected environmental impact in the HL-LHC era.

Significance. If the described approaches can be shown to deliver measurable reductions, the work would provide a valuable case study for sustainability in high-energy physics computing at the scale of the LHC experiments. Documenting practical steps for awareness, policy, and configuration changes contributes to community-level efforts to address carbon emissions from large scientific computing facilities.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The assertion that the efforts 'have already provided useful and actionable outcomes' and the long-term goal of recommendations that will 'significantly reduce the total expected environmental impact in the HL-LHC era' is not supported by any quantitative data, carbon-emission inventories, PUE measurements, or modeled projections relative to the stated 3-4x (or 10x) resource growth. Without such numbers the central forward-looking claim remains unsubstantiated.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Results or Discussion] The manuscript would benefit from a dedicated section or table summarizing any preliminary metrics (e.g., estimated emission reductions or site-specific PUE changes) even if preliminary.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and for highlighting the need to substantiate the claims in the abstract. We address the major comment below and have revised the manuscript to better align the wording with the current state of our work.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The assertion that the efforts 'have already provided useful and actionable outcomes' and the long-term goal of recommendations that will 'significantly reduce the total expected environmental impact in the HL-LHC era' is not supported by any quantitative data, carbon-emission inventories, PUE measurements, or modeled projections relative to the stated 3-4x (or 10x) resource growth. Without such numbers the central forward-looking claim remains unsubstantiated.

    Authors: We agree that the original abstract wording overstated the current status by implying that significant reductions have been demonstrated or projected. The manuscript focuses on describing ongoing efforts, including community awareness activities, implemented changes to computing policies (such as site selection criteria favoring lower-carbon facilities), and workload-specific configuration adjustments at several sites that have yielded measurable local improvements in energy efficiency. These constitute the 'useful and actionable outcomes' referenced. However, we do not yet have comprehensive carbon-emission inventories or full-scale modeled projections that account for the projected 3-4x or 10x resource growth. We have therefore revised the abstract to state that the efforts have produced initial actionable steps and that the long-term objective is to develop recommendations that aim to mitigate the environmental impact. A new paragraph has been added to the conclusions section acknowledging the current limitations in quantitative modeling and outlining plans for future work once additional data from HL-LHC computing tests become available. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in this descriptive report

full rationale

The paper is a purely descriptive report on ongoing efforts to evaluate and mitigate the environmental impact of ATLAS computing resources. It contains no mathematical derivations, equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or self-referential definitions that could reduce any claim to its own inputs by construction. The central statements describe activities such as awareness-building, policy adjustments, and configuration changes, along with a long-term goal of making recommendations, but these are presented as statements of intent and observed outcomes without any quantitative modeling or derivation chain. No self-citation load-bearing steps or uniqueness theorems are invoked in a manner that would create circularity. The manuscript is therefore self-contained as a factual account of current investigations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Relies on stated projections of computing resource growth for HL-LHC and general assumptions about environmental assessment applicability; no free parameters, invented entities, or ad-hoc axioms introduced.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Computing resources for ATLAS will increase by a factor of 3-4 by the beginning of the 2030s and by an order of magnitude before the conclusion of data taking in the early 2040s.
    Invoked in the abstract as the driver for needing environmental mitigation efforts.

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