Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 36 of 36 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.14297.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.14297 v1

Coverage vector

measured 36 of 36 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:11.661017Z

measured 37 of 37 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-28T01:50:17.697697Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T12:46:57.009339Z

Reference resolution

36 of 36 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy0
unresolved33
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation f01e3b23-ad42-4efd-ba98-83cee2f96298 · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:07.479636Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fd050de2-fbb3-4afd-86ad-83cc86448c8f · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:07.588274Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9414f75d-9b73-4020-86ea-7fc13ce8abd9 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:07.705787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d41d539-f2b3-404b-92c1-b6a48ae8adda · outbound

This paper cites The Belebele Benchmark: a Parallel Reading Comprehension Dataset in 122 Language Variants.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models The Belebele Benchmark: a Parallel Reading Comprehension Dataset in 122 Language Variants

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:07.811099Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 74720d7c-8f11-411d-a629-b6f8b7b99989 · outbound

This paper cites InstructionCP: A fast approach to transfer Large Language Models into target language.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models InstructionCP: A fast approach to transfer Large Language Models into target language

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:07.901875Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ae69a706-74ac-43dc-b7f6-38a9e1a72af9 · outbound

This paper cites Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer in instruction tuning of large language models.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer in instruction tuning of large language models

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:12.614289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation af50cb4f-f623-47f0-aaaf-92cdddd590bc · outbound

This paper cites Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:08.136968Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2aabb4bf-706e-44ba-b4b2-7584d7f9672a · outbound

This paper cites Adapting Monolingual Models: Data can be Scarce when Language Similarity is High.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Adapting Monolingual Models: Data can be Scarce when Language Similarity is High

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:12.393624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation dfa4b8b7-fa22-4821-a9b3-30172f4653bf · outbound

This paper cites FOCUS: Effective Embedding Initialization for Monolingual Specialization of Multilingual Models.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models FOCUS: Effective Embedding Initialization for Monolingual Specialization of Multilingual Models

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:12.182754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 1515c674-7b05-4daa-b611-6ee9b557796d · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:08.467309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a343f7f-a4dc-4cdd-bed1-f4667523bb0b · outbound

This paper cites KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:08.600617Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a2b567b-eea2-4de9-ba29-fcb9e8d374fa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:08.673687Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c69ecb9-d7b4-4848-a8ff-30259029b299 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:08.781720Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf576f2c-1d42-4043-84ca-3db1875c0fbd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:08.870820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d49b158a-dbe9-47e0-965c-00438972360d · outbound

This paper cites ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:09.040558Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b83bf9f4-60e9-4d82-9206-aa85979dcc1a · outbound

This paper cites Mistral 7B.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Mistral 7B

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:09.169255Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d223a94b-8d06-41ae-9526-b41ba5f88321 · outbound

This paper cites o pf, Yannic Kilcher, Dimitri von R \.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models o pf, Yannic Kilcher, Dimitri von R \

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:09.230872Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e9b82c1c-43af-4587-be0a-bcaf9836c533 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:09.347847Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93e4859d-4812-4492-9f6f-9bb4a442b26c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:13.600178Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 9bc07a69-da1d-4938-b0e9-02cb694d1248 · outbound

This paper cites Hashimoto.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Hashimoto

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:09.624743Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b486a0ba-f1df-460e-8998-e7ad98802a1f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:13.450862Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ec60d227-0b8c-4508-8a15-11c565961c4c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:13.259939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 51f0cbce-f2d0-4202-b366-93f5849d71b8 · outbound

This paper cites WECHSEL: Effective initialization of subword embeddings for cross-lingual transfer of monolingual language models.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models WECHSEL: Effective initialization of subword embeddings for cross-lingual transfer of monolingual language models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:09.954543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5549300c-45d5-4f1a-b185-a753a2a9e084 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:13.118273Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 519fd19d-0330-4989-8de8-3035e33fefa2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:10.127738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 418b7250-3aa4-40db-8b41-35ab3394b198 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual Instruction Tuning With Just a Pinch of Multilinguality.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Multilingual Instruction Tuning With Just a Pinch of Multilinguality

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:10.238159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a8a9f4c2-6b5b-4512-8cd6-16f2573f5f37 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:10.333535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 429de5cc-3b94-4cec-b8d6-45925414be29 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:10.475507Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4de2232d-82fd-48a6-853a-dd15261f13dc · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:10.790497Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8b5a48f0-6f86-42eb-a849-80b6cfbbfecf · outbound

This paper cites From English To Foreign Languages: Transferring Pre-trained Language Models.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models From English To Foreign Languages: Transferring Pre-trained Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:10.924613Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7e36e56e-e0bc-4f4f-8b29-9fea427cf810 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:12.938853Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 785e0075-5f6d-4626-a047-d9a0a8543b27 · outbound

This paper cites Exploratory Preference Optimization: Harnessing Implicit Q*-Approximation for Sample-Efficient RLHF.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Exploratory Preference Optimization: Harnessing Implicit Q*-Approximation for Sample-Efficient RLHF

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:11.181072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 22698452-9079-4ca6-98a9-ae2e8a4917ae · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:11.290162Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d0cba97-7af6-4532-b7a1-b4d71b4f6a0c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:12.795813Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 326e59a2-2fb4-42f2-b36d-8214843e058c · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA Beyond English: An Empirical Study on Language Capability Transfer.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models LLaMA Beyond English: An Empirical Study on Language Capability Transfer

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:11.574162Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fd85ae5f-d96b-4613-b946-9221f8fd3ea2 · outbound

This paper cites AdaMergeX: Cross-Lingual Transfer with Large Language Models via Adaptive Adapter Merging.

Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models AdaMergeX: Cross-Lingual Transfer with Large Language Models via Adaptive Adapter Merging

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:43:11.661017Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 1e8b7124-415b-41fa-b661-21ba61780d7a · inbound

PolyFact: Comparing Consistency-Driven Post-training Methods for Cross-Lingual Factual Recall cites this paper.

PolyFact: Comparing Consistency-Driven Post-training Methods for Cross-Lingual Factual Recall Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T12:46:57.010646Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.