Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 38 of 38 outbound references and 3 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.16022.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.16022 v2

Coverage vector

measured 38 of 38 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.079082Z

measured 41 of 41 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 3 of 3 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T23:07:11.998516Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-01T20:56:13.682832Z

Reference resolution

38 of 38 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy16
unresolved22
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e38655e2-22ec-4dcc-bbf9-2bf991fae332 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.734158Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7363fb43-c1b8-4ae4-8e84-d32a07263637 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.717008Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 4503dbf5-7d1b-4a31-b2e0-305228f4a265 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.700356Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f92c90c3-6cc8-42ec-b56c-cfffb030fcce · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.863910Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 18c85eae-aea0-4baf-ae9a-2631d6fd5228 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.399693Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation e6ab8871-9e4d-4091-9412-14b014c82a74 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.876065Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6e800ae2-3680-4a3a-a4ea-a5e031d68bc5 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding R1-Zero-Like Training: A Critical Perspective.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Understanding R1-Zero-Like Training: A Critical Perspective

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.888451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 474c2c7b-1cc0-44be-99c4-f81dfbc43091 · outbound

This paper cites DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scale.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scale

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.902088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6bdabf17-656e-4ce4-ba84-0151ccf6f802 · outbound

This paper cites Final Deci- sion: Yes.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Final Deci- sion: Yes

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.751468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 85b9d61a-596b-490d-9b92-d4eae2430890 · outbound

This paper cites She" ...... Step 2: Translate each component individually. Subject:.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning She" ...... Step 2: Translate each component individually. Subject:

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.682197Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation df2f5239-f871-4cc1-b004-ffb767967b66 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.663841Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation e9be971b-6687-4911-81d9-e81a98818249 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 398a2f4a-1df3-4ab1-a688-47199a1aa3ed · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.629822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 3614f761-ebd6-4031-833f-ab2e138f88e0 · outbound

This paper cites Here’s the step-by-step translation process:.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Here’s the step-by-step translation process:

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.613081Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1066f1eb-434c-40bc-a8b9-be62f6c81bdd · outbound

This paper cites she" ...... - Additional descriptive elements:.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning she" ...... - Additional descriptive elements:

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.596642Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 2479437b-f0fc-478b-9be3-ec7613afe9d9 · outbound

This paper cites she" ->.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning she" ->

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.579980Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 188533bb-a108-4798-af76-92e923884dc3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.562792Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 01f3cf25-4470-42d4-b5b1-5a54290af2a5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.545244Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 64681c72-08ff-4dc7-a930-dee0e7243922 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.527429Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation cb9bb14f-2b9c-4b60-b051-e408adee9371 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.509707Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b0cc18c3-31cd-4d8b-a3ab-1cf8f5b27c09 · outbound

This paper cites B is unaware of.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning B is unaware of

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.484719Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9c2a3398-34fb-4dec-afbc-a17b1bc72f5b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.468422Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 922df4c7-0479-43da-bdf8-d58cca003acd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.449748Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 709c78c5-4951-4a44-8d94-4806cdf97381 · outbound

This paper cites B): When describing negative behaviors, the Social Story should never employ the first- person perspective to safeguard the dignity and esteem of the audience.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning B): When describing negative behaviors, the Social Story should never employ the first- person perspective to safeguard the dignity and esteem of the audience

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.431452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 06efe856-2da4-4707-9f98-3ad12552af26 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.415626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 4c1d0899-4796-4e24-9ded-bc208de13d13 · outbound

This paper cites shouldn’t.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning shouldn’t

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.382599Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c793ea06-90c4-4516-8e31-ab0f25a66408 · outbound

This paper cites This pattern involves stating information from memory as-is.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning This pattern involves stating information from memory as-is

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.363830Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 18867395-3e6c-4db0-87e1-9583912fde36 · outbound

This paper cites This pattern involves creating a structured approach to solving com- plex problems.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning This pattern involves creating a structured approach to solving com- plex problems

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.341318Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 0b3f6fbe-84fc-4d8c-b650-254ba82b22f2 · outbound

This paper cites This pattern involves comprehen- sively covering various aspects or potential scenarios.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning This pattern involves comprehen- sively covering various aspects or potential scenarios

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.321981Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 83490bf5-e812-483a-8ec4-8f51e88c9b2c · outbound

This paper cites This pattern in- volves reflecting on one’s own reasoning and making adjustments based on further consid- eration.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning This pattern in- volves reflecting on one’s own reasoning and making adjustments based on further consid- eration

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.306510Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 11d5c80e-a868-4546-b1ea-09e81183e6c9 · outbound

This paper cites This pat- tern involves making conditional statements to explore potential scenarios or outcomes.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning This pat- tern involves making conditional statements to explore potential scenarios or outcomes

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.289591Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 02578f35-6bb9-47e0-84a8-2e28189cc994 · outbound

This paper cites This pattern involves explaining how one factor leads to or influences another.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning This pattern involves explaining how one factor leads to or influences another

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.259225Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 10c68ddc-efde-4d5c-9278-21415404f4f0 · outbound

This paper cites Concrete Problems in AI Safety.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Concrete Problems in AI Safety

Reference 2016

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.842207Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 457d0f23-d4d2-48ae-a0c4-3e99f7a1d3a5 · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.857258Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 520afe94-1318-48e1-bbd3-57f840ce1af8 · outbound

This paper cites In Proceed- ings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2023, Sin- gapore, December 6-10, 2023, pages 14397–14413.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning In Proceed- ings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2023, Sin- gapore, December 6-10, 2023, pages 14397–14413

Reference 2023

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.769140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 8f0eb2ec-d169-4b86-b4fa-e434a3be0dab · outbound

This paper cites SFT Memorizes, RL Generalizes: A Comparative Study of Foundation Model Post-training.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning SFT Memorizes, RL Generalizes: A Comparative Study of Foundation Model Post-training

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.851629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90067c4b-4a14-4235-801b-33d924d99e97 · outbound

This paper cites In The Thirteenth International Con- ference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025, Singapore, April 24-28, 2025.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning In The Thirteenth International Con- ference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025, Singapore, April 24-28, 2025

Reference 2025

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:39.787142Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b9c282d7-bfff-49f3-8a96-bee8c219855f · outbound

This paper cites Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms.

NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms

Reference 3824

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:11:38.895169Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation f6ec994d-fc65-44a1-98f4-65bdf44d49dc · inbound

Do Ethical AI Principles Matter to Users? A Large-Scale Analysis of User Sentiment and Satisfaction cites this paper.

Do Ethical AI Principles Matter to Users? A Large-Scale Analysis of User Sentiment and Satisfaction NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T23:07:11.998516Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4469da8b-6e88-44a5-9adf-d0538b71c63f · inbound

VI-CuRL: Stabilizing Verifier-Independent RL Reasoning via Confidence-Guided Variance Reduction cites this paper.

VI-CuRL: Stabilizing Verifier-Independent RL Reasoning via Confidence-Guided Variance Reduction NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T07:26:41.681208Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 6ffb21a2-1c49-4a22-8db3-3f318b929b7a · inbound

Trust Region On-Policy Distillation cites this paper.

Trust Region On-Policy Distillation NOVER: Incentive Training for Language Models via Verifier-Free Reinforcement Learning

Reference 167

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-01T20:56:13.684119Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.