Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 46 of 46 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.16661.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.16661 v2

Coverage vector

measured 46 of 46 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:36.138670Z

measured 47 of 47 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T05:39:42.317690Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-07T05:39:42.600572Z

Reference resolution

46 of 46 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy1
unresolved41
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 01f6e299-1924-40db-81eb-b534e873aa4b · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:32.590151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ddf3f9ef-48e1-4726-b830-ef6213ac2688 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:32.614224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30cf4fc4-57c7-4e32-bb8a-5028abffb400 · outbound

This paper cites SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:32.669692Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 73945ed2-6a81-4e17-acd8-e151040ca23a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:32.725072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 485d6578-bc93-4e00-8908-3f51da1faac4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:39.161606Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 857674fe-7e98-4244-bd4b-b2a65a731d28 · outbound

This paper cites SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:32.886096Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 944cc157-2fa9-4665-9249-c0f51efb9047 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM 2 Technical Report.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP PaLM 2 Technical Report

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:32.959804Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5c226fce-0de1-40dd-9255-c5517afe57ca · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:33.027781Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d6e633a7-5811-4159-96bf-4f7fd68cff87 · outbound

This paper cites Vaccine Supply, and Quality Unit.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Vaccine Supply, and Quality Unit

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.997782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 547f9a75-14f0-4d65-9802-8909c1eb6f55 · outbound

This paper cites Tx-LLM: A Large Language Model for Therapeutics.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Tx-LLM: A Large Language Model for Therapeutics

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:33.266070Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7942d17d-4f4a-47ac-9305-d36f7e912481 · outbound

This paper cites PharmaGPT: Domain-Specific Large Language Models for Bio-Pharmaceutical and Chemistry.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP PharmaGPT: Domain-Specific Large Language Models for Bio-Pharmaceutical and Chemistry

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:33.401668Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78c478ff-e051-4c87-b84f-35a6efd96d99 · outbound

This paper cites MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:33.525423Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a0e7ea4-02de-43a5-a05e-4627e94d41e3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.831731Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation a8878105-b5da-44a7-82a7-0f7fe95dad59 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.627704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4fd9f300-b010-4e1d-885d-b73dbcd1069f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:33.756451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 15b7bffb-1ce3-467c-8e53-65300edefc77 · outbound

This paper cites Hager, F.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Hager, F

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:33.818674Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f8e8978-f9c9-49af-ba1f-482635455ce5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.560171Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 9e382aa7-184c-47e6-ab0a-07d97573352b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.342195Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 68fd5e41-585e-46e4-8927-44ed761c03f2 · outbound

This paper cites FinanceBench: A New Benchmark for Financial Question Answering.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP FinanceBench: A New Benchmark for Financial Question Answering

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.059081Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 96d13073-0403-43fd-9e5f-f05fd348c331 · outbound

This paper cites JMedBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Japanese Biomedical Large Language Models.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP JMedBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Japanese Biomedical Large Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.036320Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 696de114-efd0-418a-8396-15674786205a · outbound

This paper cites What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.225397Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2591c9e3-cc51-44f4-85ca-68b12b129d22 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating GPT-4 and ChatGPT on Japanese Medical Licensing Examinations.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Evaluating GPT-4 and ChatGPT on Japanese Medical Licensing Examinations

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.282100Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 218298e9-4cab-40ad-8a99-58f24190190b · outbound

This paper cites LLMs-as-Judges: A Comprehensive Survey on LLM-based Evaluation Methods.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP LLMs-as-Judges: A Comprehensive Survey on LLM-based Evaluation Methods

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.333453Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d5c56857-66e5-4f3f-bb2a-a451b8bb98b8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.424251Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2d1d54ed-bf7c-4936-b9c2-b7552a9fefbc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.503265Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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This paper cites Can Generalist Foundation Models Outcompete Special-Purpose Tuning? Case Study in Medicine.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Can Generalist Foundation Models Outcompete Special-Purpose Tuning? Case Study in Medicine

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.589555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f56d778c-12a3-4b81-9ffb-1527464a1378 · outbound

This paper cites From Medprompt to o1: Exploration of Run-Time Strategies for Medical Challenge Problems and Beyond.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP From Medprompt to o1: Exploration of Run-Time Strategies for Medical Challenge Problems and Beyond

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.627799Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de7a7d28-ed86-4d25-87d5-a795540816c9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.710094Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bba057f0-4cd7-459e-adc5-8da2b75c1e00 · outbound

This paper cites SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.782605Z

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Observation cdf9974b-ca6f-40a0-9816-09b725a5ac72 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.191604Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5918260c-8ca1-4822-b586-f534a1a05aa4 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:34.957096Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f5037a4-2d9d-489f-b92a-4b31ba150817 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:35.039161Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 34967fc9-ab4c-4c4e-a78a-1c3914c5ff23 · outbound

This paper cites Development and bilingual evaluation of Japanese medical large language model within reasonably low computational resources.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Development and bilingual evaluation of Japanese medical large language model within reasonably low computational resources

Reference 33

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:36.668971Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b991326e-f0a3-486d-b611-ad49a33fd4e4 · outbound

This paper cites 70B-parameter large language models in Japanese medical question-answering.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP 70B-parameter large language models in Japanese medical question-answering

Reference 34

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:36.516427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6b68a076-513d-4916-9c6a-da85d85871b8 · outbound

This paper cites JMedLoRA:Medical Domain Adaptation on Japanese Large Language Models using Instruction-tuning.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP JMedLoRA:Medical Domain Adaptation on Japanese Large Language Models using Instruction-tuning

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:36.390012Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 07b7b8bb-4e75-4033-a176-dc82435f7567 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:38.006738Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5f709deb-ed9c-43a7-a0b9-dafa66cd964d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.960863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 112a249b-165f-4d84-80d9-c0f0b27175e5 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:35.499631Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1f1cae3c-cd5f-47d2-ba35-44c7f99603e6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:35.573745Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 85cedb95-24a8-486f-ac1d-056a73db7b3f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.810790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 3fb21d01-84bc-44ff-90bf-dd0e8090a97d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.683832Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 70fcea75-42f6-4452-b0a4-9b330e3d4372 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:35.838614Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2a131843-fcb1-4b74-86b1-f62dc3a97364 · outbound

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A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Should We Respect LLMs? A Cross-Lingual Study on the Influence of Prompt Politeness on LLM Performance

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:35.900698Z

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Observation 1354ca25-881b-48e2-8f31-af12a09e4271 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.599005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 58d6552f-c0f2-4701-86c2-59f6a0fb4cbf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.397396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 36350525-2fb3-4920-9610-be9d9a77c99a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:37.317831Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 7798c562-97c6-46ae-a591-2a1f0aa362b5 · inbound

KokushiMD-10: Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Ten Japanese National Healthcare Licensing Examinations cites this paper.

KokushiMD-10: Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Ten Japanese National Healthcare Licensing Examinations A Japanese Language Model and Three New Evaluation Benchmarks for Pharmaceutical NLP

Reference 20

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T05:39:42.647730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.