Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents

As of 23 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 43 of 43 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2506.02946.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.02946 v1

Coverage vector

measured 43 of 43 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:05.134427Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-25T08:12:09.352914Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-25T08:15:34.023791Z

Reference resolution

43 of 43 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy11
unresolved27
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch2

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation a388c3db-83a2-4cc0-a9d3-75cb4649b61f · outbound

This paper cites Challenges and Opportunities in Text Generation Explainability.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Challenges and Opportunities in Text Generation Explainability

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:06.126445Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 8106890a-0808-4468-9ed1-dab9e7a3d081 · outbound

This paper cites Constructing Effective Personalized Policies Using Counterfactual Inference from Biased Data Sets with Many Features.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Constructing Effective Personalized Policies Using Counterfactual Inference from Biased Data Sets with Many Features

Reference 2

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:05.944396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation ed990002-63b7-4d19-82c1-d37467fcf5c4 · outbound

This paper cites Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author).

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author)

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:01.403254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 67591ada-ba60-482d-99ac-269cbac79d80 · outbound

This paper cites RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:01.486320Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f884f10-7064-472f-ae7c-6d5cf1762f07 · outbound

This paper cites Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda: Counterfactually-Guided Policy Search.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda: Counterfactually-Guided Policy Search

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:01.600990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7555bfd4-00f0-41e2-b504-a9ac18e61f03 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:09.066648Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 9baf9f07-a516-4a61-ad5c-3e7ea76b21f4 · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual Token Generation in Large Language Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Counterfactual Token Generation in Large Language Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:01.774373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8bdc55f4-3ac0-4288-b3f2-eefb474d11d7 · outbound

This paper cites Bias in Bios: A Case Study of Semantic Representation Bias in a High-Stakes Setting.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Bias in Bios: A Case Study of Semantic Representation Bias in a High-Stakes Setting

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:01.880516Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f2ce6f27-64b6-415e-b1ef-c18ebcf43204 · outbound

This paper cites GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotions.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotions

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:01.984585Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 52fca099-a3c2-4d85-8cd8-39ed5cf6ac75 · outbound

This paper cites Detecting Hallucinations in Large Language Models using Semantic Entropy.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Detecting Hallucinations in Large Language Models using Semantic Entropy

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:02.094682Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a81c465e-95e7-4e1d-87c4-9c49c528e250 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:02.207586Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e74ea31b-6b79-4c99-89be-c1776867d05a · outbound

This paper cites OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:02.287541Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4dfaaf2e-56cd-4181-973a-0d4f293e60de · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Model based Multi-Agents: A Survey of Progress and Challenges.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Large Language Model based Multi-Agents: A Survey of Progress and Challenges

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:02.363406Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3fcaae4d-c270-43a6-8236-a381cbb8c45b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:08.747543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 3d3f08d7-a0dd-4534-bbec-c6cede79581f · outbound

This paper cites Causes and Explanations: A Structural-Model Approach.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Causes and Explanations: A Structural-Model Approach

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:08.417617Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation dcc27d95-b3d0-414c-9431-f5bfe46ca1ca · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual Influence in Markov Decision Processes.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Counterfactual Influence in Markov Decision Processes

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:05.501412Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 2108f01d-c781-4298-a1ac-d1f4711ff02f · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models in Law: A Survey.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Large Language Models in Law: A Survey

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:02.800266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f2fe25d9-6811-4dc4-99b4-caf14902a75f · outbound

This paper cites A* sampling.Advances in neural information processing systems, 27, 2014.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents A* sampling.Advances in neural information processing systems, 27, 2014

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:02.892817Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3732d403-d8ca-4662-83e4-e837ad5c5f0e · outbound

This paper cites Explainable Reinforcement Learning Through a Causal Lens.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Explainable Reinforcement Learning Through a Causal Lens

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:03.012841Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4295ffd7-14eb-4b5a-91c6-ac375b9c44c4 · outbound

This paper cites Miao, Eduardo Rodriguez Almaraz, Madhumita Sushil, Atul J.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Miao, Eduardo Rodriguez Almaraz, Madhumita Sushil, Atul J

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:03.088908Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f525d9c-3561-4060-985c-4e0b339db870 · outbound

This paper cites Biases in Large Language Models: Origins, Inventory, and Discussion.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Biases in Large Language Models: Origins, Inventory, and Discussion

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:03.179030Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 82b20c4f-c969-47eb-b9d6-e95888d3d702 · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual Off-Policy Evaluation with Gumbel-Max Structural Causal Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Counterfactual Off-Policy Evaluation with Gumbel-Max Structural Causal Models

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:08.164468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation e4248344-e8d0-4de1-a23f-7416573a5e7b · outbound

This paper cites Do the Rewards Justify the Means? Measuring Trade-Offs Between Rewards and Ethical Behavior in the Machiavelli Benchmark.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Do the Rewards Justify the Means? Measuring Trade-Offs Between Rewards and Ethical Behavior in the Machiavelli Benchmark

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:07.916486Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation cd3df091-1db9-4dd5-8509-44f083f95034 · outbound

This paper cites Causality.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Causality

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:07.754283Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation a2b4eac8-cec9-42eb-9c94-410ba1214edb · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:07.582674Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 5f3b032d-7b12-4ba5-96b6-f9faf83f9c1f · outbound

This paper cites Gumbel Counter- factual Generation From Language Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Gumbel Counter- factual Generation From Language Models

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:07.345868Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 70ed9eaf-631b-4c25-9beb-37ec2cbbfa06 · outbound

This paper cites Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:03.748622Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 419bf4ec-3467-47f7-8f3f-d46802add217 · outbound

This paper cites Escalation Risks from Language Models in Military and Diplomatic Decision-Making.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Escalation Risks from Language Models in Military and Diplomatic Decision-Making

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:03.868088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7168747d-7689-456a-8a9d-f58efbfc2bee · outbound

This paper cites DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:03.950992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ce56116e-8ab0-45ad-9dfd-9ba7377f6fc8 · outbound

This paper cites Representation Surgery: Theory and Practice of Affine Steering, July.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Representation Surgery: Theory and Practice of Affine Steering, July

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:07.130325Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 22df3db4-ba71-469a-ac38-15feae8ce1e0 · outbound

This paper cites A Short Survey of Viewing Large Language Models in Legal Aspect.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents A Short Survey of Viewing Large Language Models in Legal Aspect

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.214978Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1dbfa110-e324-4505-8d4a-c02a5164feda · outbound

This paper cites MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoning.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoning

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.329338Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bbc07e58-7f28-4849-a192-98a5601fbc57 · outbound

This paper cites Probabilities of Causation: Bounds and Identification.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Probabilities of Causation: Bounds and Identification

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:06.894310Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation d6c632c0-a2d8-4465-b154-d6da7cd916e3 · outbound

This paper cites Generative agent-based modeling with actions grounded in physical, social, or digital space using Concordia.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Generative agent-based modeling with actions grounded in physical, social, or digital space using Concordia

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.533120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a154ddc1-b662-45f4-892b-b0ff46b43883 · outbound

This paper cites Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.624078Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation eaa5b338-9c59-4bb2-8c88-fcf4420c4e51 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agents.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agents

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.715676Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2ab4542-2882-40ab-b9de-d8e5600e5b98 · outbound

This paper cites React: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents React: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:06.835304Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation b9928015-d104-4f09-bb77-7f1cac7e0378 · outbound

This paper cites Ghost in the Minecraft: Generally Capable Agents for Open-World Environments via Large Language Models with Text-based Knowledge and Memory.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Ghost in the Minecraft: Generally Capable Agents for Open-World Environments via Large Language Models with Text-based Knowledge and Memory

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.860068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 207d5d07-1737-49ef-9bbe-5b4a772c16cf · outbound

This paper cites Formally, it calculates the number of instances where: argmax y′∈Y ′ { 1 |a′| Σ a∈a′ Pcf (y′ | a, s′)} ̸= y Where y is the abstraction value observation.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Formally, it calculates the number of instances where: argmax y′∈Y ′ { 1 |a′| Σ a∈a′ Pcf (y′ | a, s′)} ̸= y Where y is the abstraction value observation

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:06.650375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation b61240cb-11e5-4585-a309-26d984ae85a1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:06.481878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation dc433307-2440-47fa-8d9b-60327eca31dc · outbound

This paper cites Sex and Shared Desires,.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Sex and Shared Desires,

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:06.289466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation f8eac3b4-619b-44a3-8e5a-b8e72909d327 · outbound

This paper cites Cause, Responsibility, and Blame: oA Structural-Model Approach.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Cause, Responsibility, and Blame: oA Structural-Model Approach

Reference 2014

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:05.668395Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 3ced9724-1cd6-4751-898a-e79042ab31e9 · outbound

This paper cites Representation Surgery: Theory and Practice of Affine Steering.

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents Representation Surgery: Theory and Practice of Affine Steering

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:25:04.138644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 513e9a2e-8a04-4926-b91d-9bbe87e14ac5 · inbound

Robust Counterfactual Inference in Markov Decision Processes cites this paper.

Robust Counterfactual Inference in Markov Decision Processes Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents

Reference 27

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T08:15:34.026208Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.