Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.10491.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.10491 v2

Coverage vector

measured 34 of 34 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.810318Z

measured 34 of 34 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

34 of 34 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy0
unresolved31
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation b14f75bb-c7d8-410b-93c8-fdd9a5522d3a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:55.429307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation aac28482-9b26-4443-bf5d-033a1d0ab0ab · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:49.769347Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d9fe4a6a-a746-403f-8861-ab11349d078d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:55.276195Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 4d5aa27a-d3a6-4ea3-b41e-45432cd75364 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:55.089426Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 4b6fb0e5-6d8f-4cc1-90ff-b5d4b52b2ca3 · outbound

This paper cites Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:49.965398Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 618bcb50-b3ef-44eb-a4b2-15e53149cd84 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.935514Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 18123061-0e0f-407a-826a-0f61b533f092 · outbound

This paper cites Promoting Equality in Large Language Models: Identifying and Mitigating the Implicit Bias based on Bayesian Theory.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Promoting Equality in Large Language Models: Identifying and Mitigating the Implicit Bias based on Bayesian Theory

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:53.637055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation b80724c2-a1a7-4718-ac6a-61821406ac57 · outbound

This paper cites Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:50.310923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation be0ec439-65bd-4b22-a6c7-d045ac3dbdc6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:50.407750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8ab9844f-4cd5-4292-b16b-5b4fcd0fdc3c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.825321Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 5c761ae6-7d23-42b8-9787-acdf65bd4236 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.672538Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 292ec8dd-1445-4fb5-8694-6ebf7b1ca9a8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:50.680152Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 88c4f9cc-b524-42cd-a994-d52c93bc62a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.564771Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 2436b7ff-46ed-45d4-a031-6333d866ec64 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:50.837838Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 621ab5e2-fbb6-46ea-8d0a-2b107d03a6d9 · outbound

This paper cites DOVE: A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Predictions Dataset Towards Meaningful LLM Evaluation.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models DOVE: A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Predictions Dataset Towards Meaningful LLM Evaluation

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:50.941247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 181192d4-4171-45e5-909c-921891569555 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:51.033503Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de2aa701-9528-42bb-afed-23964846e77b · outbound

This paper cites "A Woman is More Culturally Knowledgeable than A Man?": The Effect of Personas on Cultural Norm Interpretation in LLMs.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models "A Woman is More Culturally Knowledgeable than A Man?": The Effect of Personas on Cultural Norm Interpretation in LLMs

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:51.106761Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cccd8799-141c-4517-9894-693752d3952a · outbound

This paper cites Understanding the Effects of RLHF on LLM Generalisation and Diversity.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Understanding the Effects of RLHF on LLM Generalisation and Diversity

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:51.203465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50b014b8-020a-4cfc-a3d6-b26afa2efe50 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:51.333636Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 01e19e3d-762e-4429-8d4e-d0d614b6dfe0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.469951Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 50d5de30-db0b-42f4-9cfd-5e74a3d5b90f · outbound

This paper cites Stereotype and Skew: Quantifying Gender Bias in Pre-trained and Fine-tuned Language Models.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Stereotype and Skew: Quantifying Gender Bias in Pre-trained and Fine-tuned Language Models

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:53.269099Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation a4fa2076-47c2-4674-af45-075b972ea366 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:51.614522Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66376d82-a259-4760-82de-e39debde31c5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.252107Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 62ea07d3-7721-4ab7-a9cb-8becd3cebb66 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:51.831823Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7e94ec14-e72b-4f51-b3b2-4a9810a4180f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:54.104916Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 275eafbb-6ec3-4866-8810-a288dd7ed352 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:53.940982Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 707cd600-8553-40bb-a766-507e628f1657 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.113872Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5acded5c-ec4d-4289-b475-ac4e59c8de75 · outbound

This paper cites A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.242828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f46bf566-9ae4-47d8-9330-9c7feca18ceb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:53.029910Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 0cf3d111-ce3d-4c45-89a4-c693394da276 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:53.764161Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 270d7771-f245-475c-89a5-6370d6974774 · outbound

This paper cites Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.507919Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 25c18561-e177-4df8-97fd-bede35557872 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.642310Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c5939cf-6587-43e8-8aa6-ae4ab73e1e9b · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.704551Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fca0148a-97be-45a1-98dd-2f3aa75a98e3 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models write newline

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:29:52.810318Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.