Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 36 of 36 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2509.06195.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.06195 v1

Coverage vector

measured 36 of 36 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:07.295972Z

measured 37 of 37 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-11T02:33:25.462269Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-11T03:15:56.341329Z

Reference resolution

36 of 36 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy2
unresolved29
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch3

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation cf45bcb9-932d-44fb-ac36-e32ed2c125d1 · outbound

This paper cites Text-based Question Answering from Information Retrieval and Deep Neural Network Perspectives: A Survey.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Text-based Question Answering from Information Retrieval and Deep Neural Network Perspectives: A Survey

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.296772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 1d4e37ec-b5b9-4b0b-8b36-7697c43b81e4 · outbound

This paper cites MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.229893Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 070239b9-713f-47fb-9113-ab8078dfa248 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: metadata mismatch; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.249035Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation fabfd2f2-1cfc-4766-97b6-c480f91130fa · outbound

This paper cites Biega, Krishna P.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Biega, Krishna P

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.387365Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c487738-f2ba-4993-945f-b19ae231747e · outbound

This paper cites mMARCO: A Multilingual Version of the MS MARCO Passage Ranking Dataset.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods mMARCO: A Multilingual Version of the MS MARCO Passage Ranking Dataset

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.498602Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b62ee9e7-ef5f-40c6-b5ee-53d4fa6c6d17 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.592941Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e63fc7d8-4bd8-41fc-b3f7-925cb2fa5c0d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.663129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b2b29cb6-933e-4b78-aa37-aa76321bfd72 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.757225Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a24bff5f-664f-4253-9f77-713f1fdd52da · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.496829Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6a348366-df24-4ad8-bf5b-7010bbf5cba6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:04.912853Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fc0d1274-522b-4882-9e64-6ced883eb77d · outbound

This paper cites Fairness Through Awareness.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Fairness Through Awareness

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:05.015772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b827407d-e433-41e1-8cdb-c0b1a46614b4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.479023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation acb2ffe1-7416-47e7-aaf1-9c1177850344 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.459092Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 517e5f3e-3621-40cb-b7fc-49dcc8cef850 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.439586Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation d78e4741-6aab-496c-b765-85e458b132c8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:05.357732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bbbc7e1d-bbe8-4346-b9fe-e28396f61db7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:05.450769Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 97be4996-6600-4451-a505-bbfe48770ee0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.409611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 0a7b8a87-3b80-4fa9-b8f5-a5572c69f19a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:05.611069Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 233d4012-aa3e-4039-ab3d-9e5d86b20b39 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.393950Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ed31afbf-896f-4d0d-8172-e0916e6831f9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.378124Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 7941d176-65f3-4743-8992-484b9f17e054 · outbound

This paper cites Zhang, Coleman Haley, Kenneth Steimel, Han Liu, and Lane Schwartz.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Zhang, Coleman Haley, Kenneth Steimel, Han Liu, and Lane Schwartz

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:05.877713Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90aec097-d9c3-431b-be97-2b86f57f6695 · outbound

This paper cites Radev, Hong Qi, Harris Wu, and Weiguo Fan.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Radev, Hong Qi, Harris Wu, and Weiguo Fan

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.360233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation e03f39e2-27a6-4c1f-9f9c-89d0690f3c9a · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying the Impact of User Attention on Fair Group Representation in Ranked Lists.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Quantifying the Impact of User Attention on Fair Group Representation in Ranked Lists

Reference 23

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.062284Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 59c26cbd-0468-44da-b934-781813383537 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:06.177535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 126d66b6-01f9-4434-8c41-3279660213d6 · outbound

This paper cites BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:06.276667Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 259ba066-5388-40a4-b143-bcf1d6dccdbd · outbound

This paper cites Voorhees and Dawn M.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Voorhees and Dawn M

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:53.335039Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 9412a33e-27df-4def-a2df-1808ed52b5f4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:06.464125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 60d03737-38ee-48fa-9155-a03f0e776643 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:07.515439Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 446760a0-fdd9-4ca3-a5ba-5d964d527da4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:06.631022Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6dbb28b8-1ffa-48a5-938d-b7024d239415 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:06.728131Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 60319ed8-d97c-4329-a1e0-4658ff5a3639 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: metadata mismatch; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:37.793303Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 26f2421d-fc50-4212-a2fa-3e5868b03fb9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:06.924732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf3b2bf8-6524-4c08-ad38-eb5f9acd0bcf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:07.013859Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6073c516-3858-443a-add8-1905225ddcb6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:07.092865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fa0b3f8b-bfe6-404f-ab8b-0c42df9306ff · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:07.191364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c8913a5-dbf5-4b34-b566-1c395e93ce66 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods write newline

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T00:04:07.295972Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 5b19c6d9-e2be-4c1e-9863-2dc4a7ff13c6 · inbound

MLAIRE: Multilingual Language-Aware Information Retrieval Evaluation Protocal cites this paper.

MLAIRE: Multilingual Language-Aware Information Retrieval Evaluation Protocal Language Bias in Information Retrieval: The Nature of the Beast and Mitigation Methods

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T03:15:56.347284Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.