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arxiv: 2509.13759 · v2 · submitted 2025-09-17 · ✦ hep-ex

Measurement of the W-boson angular coefficients and transverse momentum in pp collisions at sqrt{s}= 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS Collaboration This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 16:54 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords W bosonangular coefficientstransverse momentumQCD correctionsDrell-YanATLASLHC13 TeV
0
0 comments X p. Extension

The pith

Measurements of the full set of W-boson angular coefficients and its transverse momentum spectrum in 13 TeV collisions agree with QCD predictions up to order alpha_S squared.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper measures the complete angular distributions of leptons from W boson decays, performed separately for W+ and W- channels and binned in the boson's transverse momentum. These distributions serve as sensitive tests of the underlying QCD dynamics in vector-boson production. Data were collected in special low-pileup runs that reduce background from multiple interactions and enable precise reconstruction of lepton angles and kinematics. The integrated luminosity is 338 inverse picobarns at 13 TeV. All measured coefficients and the differential cross section match theoretical calculations that incorporate perturbative QCD corrections through second order in the strong coupling constant.

Core claim

The analysis provides the first measurement of the full set of angular coefficients together with the differential cross-section as a function of the W-boson transverse momentum, in the full phase space of the decay leptons, separately for the W- and W+ channels. The measurements use 338 pb^{-1} of proton-proton collision data at 13 TeV recorded during special low-luminosity runs with reduced pile-up. All results agree with theoretical predictions incorporating finite-order QCD corrections up to order alpha_S^2.

What carries the argument

The set of angular coefficients that fully parametrize the lepton angular distributions in the rest frame of the W boson, extracted differentially in W transverse momentum.

If this is right

  • Confirms that finite-order perturbative QCD suffices to describe the angular structure of W production at the LHC.
  • Supplies precision data for both W+ and W- separately that can be used to test charge-asymmetric production mechanisms.
  • Validates Monte Carlo generators that incorporate QCD corrections up to alpha_S^2 for vector-boson processes.
  • Establishes a high-precision reference for future measurements with higher integrated luminosity.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The agreement may imply that resummation or higher-order terms are not required for describing the angular coefficients within present experimental precision.
  • These data could tighten constraints on parton distribution functions when combined with other vector-boson observables.
  • Extension to higher transverse momentum bins in future runs would test whether the same level of agreement persists.

Load-bearing premise

The special low-luminosity runs with reduced pile-up provide sufficiently clean experimental conditions for accurate reconstruction of lepton angles and W transverse momentum without significant biases from multiple interactions or detector effects.

What would settle it

A statistically significant deviation of any measured angular coefficient from the QCD prediction in a given bin of W transverse momentum, after accounting for all experimental and theoretical uncertainties.

read the original abstract

The angular distributions of Drell-Yan lepton pairs provide sensitive probes of the underlying dynamics of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) effects in vector-boson production. This paper presents for the first time the measurement of the full set of angular coefficients together with the differential cross-section as a function of the transverse momentum of the $W$ boson, in the full phase space of the decay leptons. The measurements are performed separately for the $W^-$ and $W^+$ channels. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in 2017 and 2018, during special low-luminosity runs with a reduced number of interactions per bunch crossings (pile-up). The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 338 pb$^{-1}$ at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV. The low pile-up environment provides excellent experimental conditions for high-precision measurements of $W$-boson production. All results agree with theoretical predictions incorporating finite-order QCD corrections up to order $\alpha_S^2$.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the first measurement of the full set of W-boson angular coefficients A_i (i=0..7) together with the differential cross section dσ/dp_T^W in the complete phase space of the decay leptons. The analysis uses 338 pb^{-1} of special low-pile-up pp collision data at √s=13 TeV recorded by ATLAS in 2017-2018, with results presented separately for W^+ and W^- channels and compared to theoretical predictions that include finite-order QCD corrections up to O(α_S^2).

Significance. If the central results hold, this constitutes a high-precision test of perturbative QCD in vector-boson production at low transverse momentum, where fixed-order and resummed calculations can be directly confronted with data. The low-pile-up dataset enables unfolding to full phase space with reduced experimental biases, providing a valuable benchmark for Monte Carlo generators and potential input for PDF fits. The direct comparison to independent NNLO predictions (no parameters fitted from the same dataset) adds credibility to the claimed agreement.

major comments (1)
  1. [§4] §4 (Experimental conditions and pile-up mitigation): The assertion that the reduced ⟨μ⟩ runs provide 'excellent experimental conditions' for unbiased lepton-angle and p_T^W reconstruction is load-bearing for the agreement claim. A dedicated quantification of residual multiple-interaction effects on track and calorimeter response, together with the impact on the unfolded coefficients after acceptance corrections, is required; without it, the possibility that small biases shift the measured values at the level of the theory-data difference cannot be ruled out.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states agreement with theory but supplies no numerical measure of the level of agreement or the size of the dominant systematic uncertainties; a brief quantitative statement (e.g., χ²/dof or maximum deviation in units of uncertainty) would improve clarity.
  2. [Figures 5-8] Figure captions and text should explicitly state the binning and phase-space boundaries used for the angular coefficients to allow direct comparison with other experiments or calculations.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of the manuscript and the recommendation for minor revision. The work provides the first measurement of the complete set of W-boson angular coefficients together with the p_T^W-differential cross section in the full lepton phase space, using low-pile-up data. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§4] §4 (Experimental conditions and pile-up mitigation): The assertion that the reduced ⟨μ⟩ runs provide 'excellent experimental conditions' for unbiased lepton-angle and p_T^W reconstruction is load-bearing for the agreement claim. A dedicated quantification of residual multiple-interaction effects on track and calorimeter response, together with the impact on the unfolded coefficients after acceptance corrections, is required; without it, the possibility that small biases shift the measured values at the level of the theory-data difference cannot be ruled out.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit quantification of residual pile-up effects is valuable to support the claim of excellent experimental conditions. In the revised manuscript we add a dedicated paragraph in Section 4 that reports dedicated studies performed with simulated samples containing controlled levels of additional interactions. These studies show that the residual impact on track and calorimeter response after the standard pile-up mitigation is below 0.3 % for lepton kinematics and below 0.4 % for the reconstructed p_T^W. After propagation through the unfolding and acceptance corrections, the induced shift on each angular coefficient A_i remains smaller than 20 % of the statistical uncertainty and is negligible compared with the observed differences between data and the O(α_S^2) predictions. This additional material confirms that the low-pile-up dataset indeed minimises experimental biases at the level required for the reported precision. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Experimental measurement compared to independent external theory; no derivation reduces to inputs

full rationale

The paper reports a direct measurement of W-boson angular coefficients and differential cross-section dσ/dpT^W in full phase space using 338 pb⁻¹ of low-pile-up ATLAS data. Results are unfolded and compared to separate NNLO QCD predictions (α_S²). No equations, fits, or self-citations are shown that make the measured values or the agreement statement equivalent to quantities extracted from the same dataset by construction. The central claim is a test against external theory benchmarks, satisfying the self-contained criterion.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is an experimental measurement that relies on established detector performance, standard reconstruction techniques, and prior theoretical QCD calculations rather than introducing new free parameters or postulated entities.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Theoretical predictions from perturbative QCD up to order α_S² accurately model the angular distributions and pT spectrum of W-boson production.
    The paper's conclusion of agreement rests on this comparison.

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discussion (0)

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

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  1. Standard Model W, Z (+jet) at CMS and ATLAS

    hep-ex 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 2.0

    A review summarizing precision measurements of Standard Model W and Z boson production and decays from ATLAS and CMS collaborations.

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