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arxiv: 2603.22864 · v2 · pith:D3B3HO2Cnew · submitted 2026-03-24 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex

A search for heavy axion-like particles in light-by-light scattering at the FCC-hh

S.C. Inan , A.V. Kisselev This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 18:01 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-ex
keywords axion-like particleslight-by-light scatteringFCC-hh colliderheavy ALPsproton-proton collisionslead-lead collisionsexclusion limits
0
0 comments X

The pith

The FCC-hh collider can set new limits on heavy axion-like particles through light-by-light scattering in proton and ion collisions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper calculates the production rates of heavy axion-like particles in light-by-light scattering at the planned 100 TeV FCC-hh collider across different collision types. It derives exclusion limits and discovery potentials for the particle's coupling strength at various masses using expected data volumes. A sympathetic reader would see this as showing that the new collider could outperform the LHC in hunting for these particles, particularly at masses of hundreds of GeV to TeV.

Core claim

Virtual production of heavy axion-like particles via light-by-light scattering is studied in pp, pPb and PbPb collisions at the future 100 TeV collider FCC-hh. Both differential and total cross sections are calculated. The 95% C.L. exclusion limits, as well as 3 sigma and 5 sigma discovery limits on an ALP coupling constant versus ALP mass m_a are given, using integrated luminosities of 30 ab^{-1}, 27 pb^{-1} and 110 nb^{-1}. The strongest limit on the ALP coupling is obtained if m_a is about 250 GeV for the PbPb collisions, and if m_a is about 1 TeV for pp or pPb collisions.

What carries the argument

Calculation of differential and total cross sections for virtual ALP production in light-by-light scattering, used to derive coupling limits versus mass for different collision modes.

If this is right

  • The FCC-hh offers better sensitivity to heavy ALPs than the current LHC.
  • Strongest constraints expected at m_a around 250 GeV in PbPb collisions.
  • Proton collisions provide best reach near 1 TeV.
  • Discovery at 3 or 5 sigma possible with planned luminosities if signal is present.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Such searches could help distinguish ALPs from other new physics candidates in the TeV range.
  • Success would motivate dedicated studies of ALP contributions to other processes at high-energy colliders.

Load-bearing premise

The projected limits assume the quoted integrated luminosities will be achieved and that standard-model backgrounds and detector efficiencies can be controlled at the level needed to extract the light-by-light signal.

What would settle it

A measurement of light-by-light scattering rates at the FCC-hh that matches standard-model predictions without excess events near 250 GeV in PbPb runs or 1 TeV in proton runs would show the claimed sensitivity cannot be reached.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.22864 by A.V. Kisselev, S.C. Inan.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The total and SM cross sections for the processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The total cross sections for the processes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The 95% C.L. limits on the ALP coupling constant depending on [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The 3σ discovery limits on the ALP coupling constant as a function of the ALP mass for P b(γγ → γγ)P b, p(γγ → γγ)P b, and p(γγ → γγ)p collisions. 12 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The 5σ discovery limits on the ALP coupling constant as a function of the ALP mass for P b(γγ → γγ)P b, p(γγ → γγ)P b, and p(γγ → γγ)p collisions. 4 Conclusions In the present paper we have examined the contribution of massive axion￾like particles to light-by-light scattering in proton-proton, proton-lead and lead-lead collisions at the collider FCC-hh. Our main results are the 95% C.L. exclusion limits an… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The exclusion limits at 95% CL on the ALP-photon coupling [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A virtual production of heavy axion-like particles (ALPs) via light-by-light scattering in pp, pPb and Pb collisions at the future 100 TeV collider FCC-hh is studied. Both differential and total cross sections are calculated. The 95\% C.L. exclusion limits, as well as $3\sigma$ and $5\sigma$ discovery limits on an ALP coupling constant versus ALP mass $m_a$ are given, using integrated luminosities of 30 ab$^{-1}$, 27 pb$^{-1}$ and 110 nb$^{-1}$. Our results are compared with the current LHC bounds. The strongest limit on the ALP coupling is obtained if $m_a \simeq 250$ GeV for the PbPb collisions, and if $m_a \simeq 1$ TeV for pp or pPb collisions. This suggests that the FCC-hh has a great physics potential of searching for the heavy ALPs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript studies virtual production of heavy axion-like particles (ALPs) via light-by-light scattering in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at the 100 TeV FCC-hh. It calculates both differential and total cross sections for the process and derives projected 95% C.L. exclusion limits together with 3σ and 5σ discovery reaches on the ALP-photon coupling g_{aγγ} as a function of ALP mass m_a, employing assumed integrated luminosities of 30 ab^{-1} (pp), 27 pb^{-1} (pPb), and 110 nb^{-1} (PbPb). The results are compared with existing LHC bounds, with the strongest projected sensitivity reported near m_a ≃ 250 GeV in PbPb collisions and m_a ≃ 1 TeV in pp or pPb collisions, leading to the conclusion that the FCC-hh has substantial potential for heavy-ALP searches.

Significance. If the background modeling and efficiency assumptions hold, the work supplies useful projections that extend current LHC constraints into the multi-hundred-GeV to TeV mass range and underscores the complementary reach of heavy-ion running at a future hadron collider. The explicit treatment of three distinct collision systems is a positive feature that allows direct comparison of sensitivity.

major comments (2)
  1. [§4] §4 (limit-setting procedure): the 3σ/5σ discovery and 95% C.L. exclusion contours are obtained by comparing the computed ALP signal cross section to an assumed SM background level and luminosity; however, the manuscript provides neither the post-cut SM light-by-light background cross section nor the signal efficiency as functions of m_a, making it impossible to verify that the quoted reaches at 250 GeV (PbPb) and 1 TeV (pp/pPb) survive realistic background subtraction.
  2. [§3] §3 (cross-section calculation): the differential cross section for the ALP-mediated contribution to γγ → γγ is stated to have been computed, yet the explicit analytic expression (including the propagator and the g_{aγγ} dependence) is not displayed; without this formula or a reference to a standard result, independent reproduction of the total rates used for the limits cannot be performed.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and introduction should cite the specific LHC analyses (e.g., ATLAS or CMS light-by-light results) against which the FCC-hh projections are compared.
  2. [Figure 5] Figure captions for the limit plots should explicitly state the assumed integrated luminosities and the statistical significance criterion (3σ or 5σ) used for each curve.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful review and constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address each of the major comments below and will incorporate the suggested improvements in the revised version.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§4] §4 (limit-setting procedure): the 3σ/5σ discovery and 95% C.L. exclusion contours are obtained by comparing the computed ALP signal cross section to an assumed SM background level and luminosity; however, the manuscript provides neither the post-cut SM light-by-light background cross section nor the signal efficiency as functions of m_a, making it impossible to verify that the quoted reaches at 250 GeV (PbPb) and 1 TeV (pp/pPb) survive realistic background subtraction.

    Authors: We agree with the referee that additional details on the background and efficiency are necessary to allow independent verification of the projected sensitivities. In the revised manuscript, we will add a new table presenting the post-cut SM light-by-light background cross sections and the signal selection efficiencies as functions of the ALP mass m_a for the pp, pPb, and PbPb collision modes. This will enable readers to reproduce the limit-setting calculations. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§3] §3 (cross-section calculation): the differential cross section for the ALP-mediated contribution to γγ → γγ is stated to have been computed, yet the explicit analytic expression (including the propagator and the g_{aγγ} dependence) is not displayed; without this formula or a reference to a standard result, independent reproduction of the total rates used for the limits cannot be performed.

    Authors: We thank the referee for pointing this out. The differential cross section was computed using the standard effective Lagrangian for ALP-photon interactions, but the explicit formula was inadvertently omitted. We will include the analytic expression for the differential cross section dσ/dΩ in the revised manuscript, explicitly showing the dependence on the propagator 1/(ŝ - m_a² + i m_a Γ_a) and the coupling g_{aγγ}. This will facilitate independent reproduction of our results. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: limits projected from independent cross-section calculations and external luminosity assumptions

full rationale

The derivation computes ALP signal cross sections via light-by-light scattering using standard QED and effective-field-theory methods, then applies external integrated luminosities (30 ab^{-1} for pp, etc.) and assumed background control to obtain 95% CL exclusion and 3σ/5σ discovery contours. These steps do not reduce to a parameter fitted from the projected data itself, nor to any self-citation chain or ansatz smuggled from prior author work. The comparison to existing LHC bounds draws on independent experimental results. The paper is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks with no load-bearing circular step.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on an effective Lagrangian for ALP-photon coupling, standard collider luminosity projections, and the assumption that light-by-light scattering can be isolated experimentally.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption ALP interactions are described by an effective field theory with a dimension-5 photon coupling term.
    Invoked implicitly when computing the production amplitude via light-by-light scattering.
invented entities (1)
  • Heavy axion-like particle no independent evidence
    purpose: Postulated new particle whose virtual production is studied.
    ALPs are introduced as hypothetical extensions beyond the Standard Model; no independent evidence is supplied.

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Reference graph

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