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arxiv: 2604.08671 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-09 · 🌀 gr-qc

Recognition: unknown

Analog regular black holes and black hole mimickers for surface-gravity waves in fluids

Valentin Pomakov , Stefano Liberati
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 17:16 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc
keywords analog gravityregular black holesblack hole mimickerssurface gravity wavesshallow waterinstabilitieseffective geometry
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The pith

Surface-gravity waves in shallow water can emulate the effective geometries of regular black holes and black-hole mimickers.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper maps the metrics of regular black holes, which possess outer and inner horizons around a regular core, and horizonless mimickers onto analogue spacetimes generated by surface-gravity waves in a shallow-water basin. It identifies the precise flow profiles needed to reproduce these geometries, including a non-rotating central-drainage setup for the inner core and a graded-drainage profile that matches an asymptotically flat exterior. The work then evaluates whether the characteristic instabilities, such as mass inflation at inner horizons or long-lived quasinormal modes around compact mimickers, can be observed with existing laboratory technology. This matters because direct probes of black-hole near-horizon regions remain inaccessible, so a faithful fluid analogue would allow controlled tests of stability predictions that arise in quantum-gravity motivated models.

Core claim

The inner-core metrics of both regular black holes and mimickers can be reproduced by a non-rotating central-drainage configuration in shallow water, while a graded-drainage profile connects this core to an asymptotically flat exterior; the resulting setup is in principle realizable with current technology, although Bose-Einstein condensates may provide a more practical medium for capturing the targeted instabilities without dominant dispersion effects.

What carries the argument

The effective metric generated by the velocity and surface-height profiles of surface-gravity waves in a shallow-water basin with controlled drainage.

If this is right

  • Inner-horizon mass inflation and semiclassical instabilities can be studied in a controlled laboratory setting.
  • Stability properties of compact horizonless mimickers and their long-lived modes become accessible to direct measurement.
  • The transition between regular black-hole and mimicker regimes, controlled by the regularization parameter, can be explored by varying drainage profiles.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Such analogues could serve as testbeds for quantum-gravity corrections before any astrophysical confirmation becomes available.
  • If dispersion remains manageable, the same drainage techniques might extend to other regular spacetimes beyond spherical symmetry.
  • Practical limitations in water suggest prioritizing media with weaker dispersion for future experiments on these instabilities.

Load-bearing premise

The fluid flow will produce an effective geometry that faithfully reproduces the spacetime features and instabilities without dispersion or other fluid effects overwhelming the dynamics.

What would settle it

Observation that the expected quasinormal-mode spectrum or mass-inflation signatures fail to appear in wave propagation through the proposed drainage profiles, or that dispersion effects dominate before the instability timescales.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.08671 by Stefano Liberati, Valentin Pomakov.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The Kretschmann scalar for the Hayward spacetime in units of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The desired behavior of (vr/csw) 2 versus radius r, normalized to the radius rcb of the container wall, to realize an analogue Hayward RBH/BHM. The most important aspect for us is the quadratic behavior close to the origin, and the region close to the peak. In this plot, (vr/csw) 2 comes very close to the value one but never reaches it, meaning that no horizons form and it is a BHM. If (vr/csw) 2 were stri… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Positive real solution h(r) of the cubic Bernoulli equation (47 for the central drainage setup with constant vz=0. Units for h and r are arbitrary. The solution should be matched to the exterior profile at r = d; from the plot, d ≈ 0.2 appears to be a good choice for remaining well within the approximately constant regime. precisely because h(r) drops sharply there, invalidating both the shallow-water appr… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Illustration of the centrifugal force felt by fluid elements in addition to the gravitational [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Recent advances in the observation of black-hole candidates have renewed interest in probing their near-horizon structure and in searching for departures from the standard singular solutions of general relativity. In this context, significant effort has been devoted to regular black holes and to horizonless black-hole mimickers, motivated primarily by quantum-gravitational effects. Depending on the value of the regularization parameter relative to the object mass, typical spherically symmetric solutions can describe either of these two scenarios. Regular black-hole configurations generically feature an outer and an inner horizon surrounding a maximally symmetric core; the inner horizon in turn triggers mass inflation and semiclassical instabilities. The horizonless branch of the same solutions, by contrast, supports stable inner light rings when sufficiently compact, yet is itself subject to instabilities associated with long-lived quasinormal modes. Here we investigate how to emulate these spacetimes in an analogue-gravity platform based on surface-gravity waves in a shallow-water basin, with the aim of reproducing these instabilities experimentally. We begin by identifying the flow profiles and boundary conditions required to replicate the relevant effective geometries. In particular, we show that the inner-core metrics can be simulated with a non-rotating central-drainage configuration, and we propose a graded-drainage profile to connect them to an asymptotically flat exterior region. We then assess the experimental feasibility of studying the instabilities mentioned above with current technology. Our conclusion is that, while the required setup is realizable in principle, alternative media, such as Bose-Einstein condensates, may offer a more practical route to faithfully capturing the targeted physical features.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes an analog-gravity realization of regular black holes and black-hole mimickers using surface-gravity waves in a shallow-water basin. It identifies the flow profiles needed to reproduce the target effective geometries, showing that the inner-core metrics can be obtained with a non-rotating central-drainage configuration and proposing a graded-drainage profile that connects these cores to an asymptotically flat exterior. The authors then evaluate the experimental feasibility of observing the associated instabilities (mass inflation and semiclassical effects at inner horizons for regular black holes; long-lived quasinormal modes for sufficiently compact mimickers) with current laboratory technology, concluding that the setup is realizable in principle but that Bose-Einstein condensates may provide a more practical route.

Significance. If the proposed flow-to-metric mappings hold in the appropriate regime, the work supplies a concrete laboratory platform for studying instabilities that are central to the theoretical motivation for regular black holes and mimickers. The explicit construction of drainage profiles and the realistic discussion of dispersion limitations and alternative media constitute clear strengths that could guide future analog-gravity experiments.

minor comments (1)
  1. A figure showing the radial dependence of the proposed graded-drainage velocity profile would improve the clarity of the connection between the inner-core and exterior regions.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and for the positive overall assessment, including the recommendation for minor revision. We are pleased that the referee recognizes the potential of the proposed analog platform for studying instabilities in regular black holes and mimickers. Since no specific major comments were provided in the report, we interpret the minor revision as addressing any minor clarifications or editorial improvements, which we will incorporate in the revised version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in derivation chain

full rationale

The paper derives required fluid flow profiles (central drainage for inner-core metrics, graded drainage for asymptotic matching) directly from the target effective metrics via the standard shallow-water analog-gravity mapping. These steps are constructive mappings from the desired spacetime geometry to boundary conditions and velocity fields, with no reduction of outputs to fitted parameters, self-definitions, or load-bearing self-citations. The feasibility assessment relies on external experimental considerations rather than internal re-derivations. The central claims remain independent of the paper's own inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central proposal rests on the standard effective-metric approximation of analog gravity together with the assumption that engineered flow profiles can be realized without extraneous fluid effects.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The effective metric approximation holds for surface-gravity waves in shallow water.
    Invoked when mapping the proposed drainage configurations to the target spacetime geometries.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5585 in / 1287 out tokens · 52989 ms · 2026-05-10T17:16:53.740795+00:00 · methodology

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