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arxiv: 2604.13299 · v2 · submitted 2026-04-14 · ✦ hep-ex · nucl-ex

Recognition: unknown

Production of {Λ} hyperons in 4.0A GeV and 4.5A GeV carbon-nucleus interactions at the Nuclotron

S. Afanasiev , G. Agakishiev , A. Aleksandrov , E. Aleksandrov , I. Aleksandrov , P. Alekseev , K. Alishina , V. Astakhov
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T. Aushev V. Azorskiy V. Babkin N. Balashov R. Barak A. Baranov D. Baranov N. Baranova N. Barbashina S. Bazylev M. Belov D. Blau V. Bocharnikov G. Bogdanova E. Bondar E. Boos E. Bozorov M. Buryakov S. Buzin A. Chebotov D. Chemezov J. H. Chen A. Demanov D. Dementev A. Dmitriev J. Drnoyan D. Dryablov B. Dubinchik P. Dulov A. Egorov D. Egorov V. Elsha A. Eviev A. Fediunin A. Fedosimova I. Filippov I. Filozova D. Finogeev I. Gabdrakhmanov O. Gavrischuk K. Gertsenberger S. Gertsenberger O. Golosov V. Golovatyuk P. Grigoriev M. Golubeva F. Guber S. Ibraimova D. Idrisov T. Idrissova A. Iusupova A. Ivashkin A. Izvestnyy V. Kabadzhov A. Kakhorova Sh. Kanokova M. Kapishin V. Karjavin D. Karmanov N. Karpushkin R. Kattabekov V. Kekelidze S. Khabarov P. Kharlamov G. Khudaiberdyev Yu. Kiryushin P. Klimai V. Kolesnikov A. Kolozhvari V. Kondratiev Yu. Kopylov M. Korolev L. Kovachev I. Kovalev I. Kruglova V. Kozlov S. Kuklin E. Kulish A. Kurganov V. Kutergina A. Kuznetsov E. Ladygin D. Lanskoy N. Lashmanov I. Lebedev V. Lenivenko R. Lednicky V. Leontiev E. Litvinenko D. Lyapin Y. G. Ma A. Makankin A. Makhnev A. Malakhov M. Mamaev A. Martemianov M. Merkin S. Merts S. Morozov Yu. Murin K. Musaev G. Musulmanbekov D. Myktybekov R. Nagdasev S. Nemnyugin D. Nikitin R. Nizamov S. Novozhilov A. Olimov Kh. Olimov K. Olimov I. Osokin V. Palichik P. Parfenov I. Pelevanyuk D. Peresunko S. Piyadin M. Platonova V. Plotnikov D. Podgainy I. Polev I. Pshenichnov N. Pukhaeva F. Ratnikov S. Reshetova V. Rogov I. Romanov I. Rufanov P. Rukoyatkin M. Rumyantsev T. Rybakov D. Sakulin S. Sedykh S. Savenkov D. Serebryakov A. Shabanov S. Sergeev A. Serikkanov A. Sheremetev A. Sheremeteva A. Shchipunov M. Shitenkov M. Shodmonov M. Shopova A. Shutov V. Shutov I. Slepnev V. Slepnev I. Slepov A. Smirnov A. Solomin A. Sorin V. Spaskov A. Stavinskiy V. Stekhanov Yu. Stepanenko E. Streletskaya O. Streltsova M. Strikhanov E. Sukhov D. Suvarieva A. Svetlichnyi G. Taer A. Taranenko N. Tarasov O. Tarasov P. Teremkov A. Terletsky O. Teryaev V. Tcholakov V. Tikhomirov A. Timoshenko O. Tojiboev N. Topilin T. Tretyakova V. Troshin A. Truttse I. Tserruya V. Tskhay I. Tyapkin V. Ustinov V. Vasendina V. Velichkov K. Vitanov N. Vitanov V. Volkov A. Voronin N. Voytishin B. Yuldashev V. Yurevich N. Zamiatin M. Zavertyaev S. Zhang I. Zhavoronkova V. Zhezher N. Zhigareva I. Zhironkin A. Zinchenko R. Zinchenko A. Zubankov E. Zubarev M. Zuev
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 13:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex nucl-ex
keywords Lambda hyperonscarbon-nucleus collisionstransverse momentum spectrarapidity distributionstransport modelsfixed-target experimenthyperon yields
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The pith

Measurements of Lambda hyperon yields in carbon-nucleus collisions at 4.0A GeV and 4.5A GeV provide spectra and distributions for model testing.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports experimental data on Lambda hyperon production from carbon ion beams colliding with C, Al, Cu, and Pb targets at kinetic energies of 4.0A GeV and 4.5A GeV. Transverse momentum spectra and rapidity distributions of the hyperons are extracted from the recorded events. These results are compared directly to the outputs of the DCM-SMM, UrQMD, and PHSD transport models and to Lambda measurements from other experiments at similar collision energies. The work supplies new reference points for how strangeness is produced in nuclear interactions at these beam energies.

Core claim

The authors extract transverse momentum spectra and rapidity distributions of Lambda hyperons produced in 4.0A GeV and 4.5A GeV carbon-nucleus interactions at the Nuclotron using the BM@N setup. The measured yields are presented and placed alongside predictions from the DCM-SMM, UrQMD, and PHSD transport models together with existing data from comparable energies.

What carries the argument

Reconstruction of Lambda hyperons via their decay into a proton and a negative pion, followed by extraction of transverse momentum spectra and rapidity distributions from the selected events.

If this is right

  • The new distributions supply concrete test cases that can be used to adjust parameters in the DCM-SMM, UrQMD, and PHSD models.
  • Consistency between these data and earlier measurements at similar energies would support the reliability of the extraction procedure.
  • Discrepancies with any of the three models would point to specific shortcomings in how those codes treat hyperon production or rescattering.
  • The target dependence of the yields offers a direct check on how the models scale with nuclear size.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The measurements could serve as input for estimating hyperon production rates in other fixed-target runs at the same accelerator.
  • If the models reproduce the data across targets, the same codes gain credibility for predicting yields in collisions involving slightly heavier beams at these energies.

Load-bearing premise

The identification and counting of Lambda hyperons from detector signals is accurate enough that the reported spectra and distributions can be compared directly to model calculations without large unaccounted biases.

What would settle it

A reprocessing of the raw data or an independent measurement at the same energies that produces transverse momentum spectra differing by more than the stated uncertainties from the published distributions would undermine the reported yields.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.13299 by A. Aleksandrov, A. Baranov, A. Chebotov, A. Demanov, A. Dmitriev, A. Egorov, A. Eviev, A. Fediunin, A. Fedosimova, A. Iusupova, A. Ivashkin, A. Izvestnyy, A. Kakhorova, A. Kolozhvari, A. Kurganov, A. Kuznetsov, A. Makankin, A. Makhnev, A. Malakhov, A. Martemianov, A. Olimov, A. Serikkanov, A. Shabanov, A. Shchipunov, A. Sheremetev, A. Sheremeteva, A. Shutov, A. Smirnov, A. Solomin, A. Sorin, A. Stavinskiy, A. Svetlichnyi, A. Taranenko, A. Terletsky, A. Timoshenko, A. Truttse, A. Voronin, A. Zinchenko, A. Zubankov, B. Dubinchik, B. Yuldashev, D. Baranov, D. Blau, D. Chemezov, D. Dementev, D. Dryablov, D. Egorov, D. Finogeev, D. Idrisov, D. Karmanov, D. Lanskoy, D. Lyapin, D. Myktybekov, D. Nikitin, D. Peresunko, D. Podgainy, D. Sakulin, D. Serebryakov, D. Suvarieva, E. Aleksandrov, E. Bondar, E. Boos, E. Bozorov, E. Kulish, E. Ladygin, E. Litvinenko, E. Streletskaya, E. Sukhov, E. Zubarev, F. Guber, F. Ratnikov, G. Agakishiev, G. Bogdanova, G. Khudaiberdyev, G. Musulmanbekov, G. Taer, I. Aleksandrov, I. Filippov, I. Filozova, I. Gabdrakhmanov, I. Kovalev, I. Kruglova, I. Lebedev, I. Osokin, I. Pelevanyuk, I. Polev, I. Pshenichnov, I. Romanov, I. Rufanov, I. Slepnev, I. Slepov, I. Tserruya, I. Tyapkin, I. Zhavoronkova, I. Zhironkin, J. Drnoyan, J. H. Chen, K. Alishina, K. Gertsenberger, Kh. Olimov, K. Musaev, K. Olimov, K. Vitanov, L. Kovachev, M. Belov, M. Buryakov, M. Golubeva, M. Kapishin, M. Korolev, M. Mamaev, M. Merkin, M. Platonova, M. Rumyantsev, M. Shitenkov, M. Shodmonov, M. Shopova, M. Strikhanov, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zuev, N. Balashov, N. Baranova, N. Barbashina, N. Karpushkin, N. Lashmanov, N. Pukhaeva, N. Tarasov, N. Topilin, N. Vitanov, N. Voytishin, N. Zamiatin, N. Zhigareva, O. Gavrischuk, O. Golosov, O. Streltsova, O. Tarasov, O. Teryaev, O. Tojiboev, P. Alekseev, P. Dulov, P. Grigoriev, P. Kharlamov, P. Klimai, P. Parfenov, P. Rukoyatkin, P. Teremkov, R. Barak, R. Kattabekov, R. Lednicky, R. Nagdasev, R. Nizamov, R. Zinchenko, S. Afanasiev, S. Bazylev, S. Buzin, S. Gertsenberger, Sh. Kanokova, S. Ibraimova, S. Khabarov, S. Kuklin, S. Merts, S. Morozov, S. Nemnyugin, S. Novozhilov, S. Piyadin, S. Reshetova, S. Savenkov, S. Sedykh, S. Sergeev, S. Zhang, T. Aushev, T. Idrissova, T. Rybakov, T. Tretyakova, V. Astakhov, V. Azorskiy, V. Babkin, V. Bocharnikov, V. Elsha, V. Golovatyuk, V. Kabadzhov, V. Karjavin, V. Kekelidze, V. Kolesnikov, V. Kondratiev, V. Kozlov, V. Kutergina, V. Lenivenko, V. Leontiev, V. Palichik, V. Plotnikov, V. Rogov, V. Shutov, V. Slepnev, V. Spaskov, V. Stekhanov, V. Tcholakov, V. Tikhomirov, V. Troshin, V. Tskhay, V. Ustinov, V. Vasendina, V. Velichkov, V. Volkov, V. Yurevich, V. Zhezher, Y. G. Ma, Yu. Kiryushin, Yu. Kopylov, Yu. Murin, Yu. Stepanenko.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Scheme of the BM@N setup in the carbon beam run. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Schematic view of the beam counters, barrel detector, and target position. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Invariant mass spectrum of (p, π−) pairs reconstructed from Monte Carlo￾generated events in the 4.0A GeV carbon beam with the Cu target (black points). The distribution corresponds to the kinematic region with rapidity 1.55 < y < 1.65 and trans￾verse momentum 0.4 < pT < 0.5 GeV/c. The purple solid line represents the result of the background fit according to Eq. (2) (see text for details). The magenta dash… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Detector acceptance for Λ emitted in given rapidity and transverse momentum intervals calculated for C + Cu interactions at the beam energy of 4.0A GeV (left) and 4.5A GeV (right). The extrapolation factor fextrap at a given pT was calculated as the ratio of the number of MC-generated Λ hyperons in all the cells along the pT direction for a given rapidity interval to the number of reconstructed Λ hyperons … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Invariant mass spectra of (p, π−) pairs reconstructed in interactions of the 4.5A GeV carbon beam with C, Al, Cu, and Pb targets. The violet solid lines represent the result of the fit according to Eq. (2). The vertical dashed lines show the mass window in which the Λ signal is calculated as the excess of the histogram relative to the background. The background part of these distributions was parameterized… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Energy dependence of Λ hyperon Y 4π Λ yields in C + C, C + Al, C + Cu, and C + Pb interactions. The result of the Propane Chamber experiment [32, 33] for C + C is shown for com￾parison. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties; the blue boxes show the systematic uncertainties. The predictions of the DCM-SMM, UrQMD, and PHSD models are shown as colored lines. 10 20 30 40 50 Npart 0 0.005 0.01 … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Ratios of the Λ hyperon yields to the number of nucleon participants measured by BM@N in minimum bias carbon–nucleus interactions at 4.0A GeV (left) and 4.5A GeV (right) compared with the model predictions. 12 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Rapidity distributions of Λ hyperons produced in C + C, C + Al, and C + Cu interactions at the carbon beam energy of 4.0A GeV (left column) and 4.5A GeV (right column) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Transverse momentum distributions of Λ hyperons produced in interactions of the carbon beam with C + C, C + Al, and C + Cu targets at energies of 4.0A GeV (left plots) and 4.5A GeV (right plots). The blue lines represent the results of the parameterization described in the text. 16 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The integrated yield of Λ hyperons in C + C collisions as a function of √ sNN . BM@N experimental data are compared with a parameterization based on pp collisions scaled to Npart = 9. Dashed red lines indicate the uncertainties in the predicted excitation function (about 25%). The BM@N results for Λ yields in C + C collisions at 4.0A GeV and 4.5A GeV are in good agreement with the scaled p + p parameteriz… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Integral Λ yields normalized to Npart as a function of collision energy √ sNN . The measured fully integrated 4π Λ yields were compared with the results from other 17 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The BM@N experiment (Baryonic Matter at the Nuclotron) is the first fixed-target experiment at the JINR NICA accelerator complex. In this work, data on the interactions of a carbon-ion beam with kinetic energies of 4.0A~GeV and 4.5A~GeV with C, Al, Cu, and Pb targets are used to measure transverse momentum spectra and rapidity distributions of $\Lambda$ hyperon yields. The results are compared with the predictions of DCM-SMM, UrQMD, and PHSD transport models and with the $\Lambda$ yield measurements in other experiments at similar collision energies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports measurements of transverse momentum spectra and rapidity distributions of Λ hyperons produced in carbon-ion beam interactions at 4.0A GeV and 4.5A GeV with C, Al, Cu, and Pb targets using the BM@N experiment at the Nuclotron. Yields are extracted via V0 reconstruction from pπ− pairs, invariant-mass fitting, Monte Carlo efficiency corrections, and acceptance corrections. Results are overlaid with predictions from the DCM-SMM, UrQMD, and PHSD transport models and compared to Λ data from other experiments at similar energies.

Significance. If the reported yields and distributions hold, the data fill a gap in strangeness production measurements in the few-GeV/nucleon regime relevant to NICA physics. The multi-target dataset enables A-dependence studies, and the model comparisons provide a benchmark for transport codes without parameter tuning, which can guide refinements in hyperon production and propagation modeling.

minor comments (3)
  1. [§4] §4 (Data analysis): The description of background subtraction in the invariant-mass spectra should explicitly state the functional form used for the combinatorial background and how its uncertainty is propagated into the final yields.
  2. [Table 2] Table 2: The tabulated systematic uncertainties list contributions from tracking efficiency and material budget but do not quantify the uncertainty arising from the choice of Monte Carlo event generator used for efficiency correction; this should be added or justified as negligible.
  3. [Figure 7] Figure 7: The rapidity distributions for different targets are shown with model curves, but the legend does not clearly distinguish the three transport models from each other or from data points; improve labeling for readability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of our manuscript, the recognition of its relevance to NICA physics, and the recommendation for minor revision. The multi-target dataset and model comparisons are indeed intended to provide benchmarks for transport codes in the few-GeV/nucleon regime. No specific major comments were enumerated in the report, so we have no individual points requiring point-by-point rebuttal or revision at this stage. We will incorporate any minor editorial or technical suggestions in the revised version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: pure experimental measurement with external model comparisons

full rationale

The paper reports measured transverse momentum spectra and rapidity distributions of Λ hyperons extracted from detector data in fixed-target C+A collisions. Yields are obtained via standard V0 reconstruction, invariant-mass fitting, efficiency corrections from Monte Carlo, and acceptance corrections. Results are compared to independent transport models (DCM-SMM, UrQMD, PHQMD) and prior experiments without parameter tuning or internal derivation chains. No self-definitional steps, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the measurement pipeline. The central claims are directly falsifiable against external data and models.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard experimental techniques for particle identification in fixed-target heavy-ion collisions and the applicability of existing transport models; no new free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard assumptions in high-energy physics for Lambda hyperon reconstruction, background subtraction, and efficiency correction from detector data.
    Required to convert raw detector signals into measured yields.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 6650 in / 1505 out tokens · 96198 ms · 2026-05-10T13:32:34.840929+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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