pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2604.13696 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-15 · ⚛️ nucl-ex

Recognition: unknown

The Quest for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: Progress and Prospects

Andrea Giuliani

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 12:14 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex
keywords neutrinoless double beta decayMajorana neutrinoslepton number violationneutrino massexperimental searchesbackground suppressionhalf-life limitsfuture detectors
0
0 comments X

The pith

Neutrinoless double beta decay searches aim to show neutrinos are their own antiparticles and lepton number is violated.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review lays out the theoretical basis for neutrinoless double beta decay as a process that would prove neutrinos are Majorana particles and break lepton number conservation. It surveys the main detection methods, their operating principles, strengths, and limits in rejecting backgrounds. The paper presents the tightest existing half-life limits from operating experiments and identifies the detector scale and background control advances needed to reach discovery sensitivity. A reader would care because a positive result would directly constrain how neutrinos acquire mass and could help account for the cosmic excess of matter over antimatter.

Core claim

Observation of neutrinoless double beta decay would demonstrate that neutrinos are their own antiparticles and that lepton number is not conserved, with far-reaching implications for the origin of neutrino mass and the matter-antimatter imbalance in the Universe. The review examines the theoretical foundations, surveys experimental strategies and their limitations, summarizes current sensitivity limits, and outlines the technological steps required for substantially improved searches.

What carries the argument

The neutrinoless double beta decay nuclear transition, in which two neutrons convert to two protons and two electrons with no neutrinos emitted.

If this is right

  • A positive signal would establish the Majorana character of neutrinos.
  • It would set a direct limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass.
  • It would support lepton-number-violating mechanisms that can generate the observed matter asymmetry.
  • It would require experiments to scale to tonne-scale active mass with background rates below 10^{-5} counts per keV per tonne per year.
  • Complementary use of multiple isotopes would be needed to confirm any discovery and extract nuclear matrix elements.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Detection would narrow the space of neutrino mass models and favor certain grand-unified scenarios over others.
  • The same ultra-low-background techniques could be adapted to search for other rare processes such as dark matter interactions.
  • Non-observation would push theorists toward mechanisms that suppress the decay rate while still allowing small neutrino masses.
  • International coordination on isotope production and underground facilities would become essential to reach the required exposure.

Load-bearing premise

That the decay rate lies within reach of foreseeable large-mass detectors once backgrounds are reduced enough to isolate a potential signal from known processes.

What would settle it

A confirmed excess at the expected energy in two or more independent ton-scale detectors using different isotopes would support the claim, while consistent null results at half-life sensitivities beyond 10^28 years across complementary techniques would indicate the process is absent or far rarer than minimal models predict.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.13696 by Andrea Giuliani.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Nuclear mass parabolae for A = 100 according to the Weiszacker Formula. Single beta decay of ¨ 100Mo cannot proceed because of energy conservation, while double beta decay is possible. The two-neutrino mode (2ν2β), which involves the emission of two electron antineutrinos together with the two electrons (respecting lepton-number conservation and the SM principles), was first suggested by Goeppert￾Mayer in … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Mechanisms for 0ν2β. Several possible beyond-Standard-Model channels are schematically shown on the left, while the exchange of a light Majorana neutrino (the mass mechanism) is shown on the right. Current interpretations of experimental results are expressed most often within the framework of the mass mechanism, which links 0ν2β to fundamental neutrino parameters that are partially accessible through comp… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Ranges of |M0ν| values for the “magnificent nine” experimentally relevant 0ν2β candidates as predicted by the four main nuclear-theory frameworks used for their computation. 4.2. Calculation of the Phase Space The phase–space factor G0ν in Equation (3) collects all purely leptonic kinematic effects, including the distortion of the outgoing electrons by the Coulomb field of the daughter nucleus. It depends … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Phase-space factors for the “magnificent nine” experimentally relevant 0ν2β candidates as a function of the Q-value. Values are extracted from Ref. [42]. https://doi.org/10.53941/pac.2026.100006 8 of 27 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The summed–energy spectrum of the two electrons from the 2ν2β, described within the Primakoff– Rosen approximation, is shown together with the monoenergetic peak expected from 0ν2β. A Gaussian detector response with a FWHM energy resolution of 1% is assumed. The ratio between the 2ν2β and 0ν2β decay rates is unrealistically set as low as 100 to highlight the 0ν2β peak. In a real detector, the observed spec… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: For three different energy resolutions (assuming a Gaussian detector response), the high–energy tail of the 2ν2β spectrum, convolved with the energy resolution, is shown together with the corresponding 0ν2β peak broadened by the same resolution. The ratio between the 2ν2β and 0ν2β decay rates is set to 108 , consistent with the sensitivities expected for next–generation experiments. A second way in which 2… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: summarizes the situation for all 22 known β −β − nuclei, showing their natural isotopic abundances versus the corresponding double-beta decay Q-values. The “magnificent nine” are highlighted in red, and two vertical markers indicate important background-related thresholds: the 2615 keV γ-ray line from natural radioactivity and the 3270 keV endpoint of the 214Bi β decay, the most energetic among the 222Rn d… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Effective 2ν2β nuclear matrix elements for the “magnificent nine” isotopes. 5.3. The Size of the Challenge In order to design a 0ν2β experiment, one must first define a clear physics goal, then translate it into a target sensitivity on an experimental observable, and finally develop an experimental setup based on an appropriate technology capable of achieving the required sensitivity. The physics goal is c… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: The effective Majorana mass mββ as a function of the sum of the three neutrino masses Pmi. The allowed regions corresponding to the normal and inverted neutrino mass orderings are shown in blue and orange, respectively. Current constraints from cosmology and 0ν2β searches are also indicated. The hatched rectangle approximately highlights the region of parameter space that remains to be explored. Setting th… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Classification of “source = detector” technologies, showing examples of the most relevant experiments in each category. Distinctive features of each technology are concisely reported, highlighting differences in detector properties. Experiments based on isotope dilution in large liquid scintillator detectors, such as KamLAND-Zen [62] (focusing on 136Xe) and SNO+ [67] (focusing on 130Te), benefit from the … view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Experimental status of the search for 0ν2β. On the left, the ranges of limits on the effective Majorana mass for the experiments listed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Sensitivity of four next-generation 0ν2β experiments as a function of the isotope exposure. The experiments—CUPID & CUPID-1T, LEGEND-1000 and nEXO—are represented with vertical lines indicating the projected range of the bounds on mββ arising from different NME calculations. The round marker is placed at the center of the range. The IO and NO bands are shown in the limit of vanishing lightest neutrino mas… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Neutrinoless double beta decay is a hypothetical nuclear transition whose observation would demonstrate that neutrinos are their own antiparticles and that lepton number is not conserved, with far-reaching implications for the origin of neutrino mass and the matter-antimatter imbalance in the Universe. This review examines the theoretical foundations of this process and surveys the principal experimental strategies developed to search for it, focusing on their operating concepts, strengths, and limitations. We summarize the current experimental landscape by presenting the most sensitive results achieved so far and by outlining the complementary approaches pursued by different detection techniques. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the field, emphasizing the technological advances needed to reach substantially better sensitivities and, ultimately, to detect this rare phenomenon

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. This manuscript is a review article surveying the theoretical motivations for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ), the principal experimental detection strategies and their strengths/limitations, the current most sensitive experimental results, and the technological advances required for future sensitivity improvements.

Significance. As a consolidated survey of an active field, the review is useful for providing context on the implications of a potential observation for Majorana neutrinos and lepton-number violation. It gives credit to the balanced presentation of complementary experimental approaches without advancing new predictions or derivations.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the review 'summarizes the current experimental landscape' but does not indicate the cutoff date for included results; this should be stated explicitly in the introduction or a dedicated section on recent limits.
  2. [Future directions] In the discussion of future prospects, the required background reduction factors for next-generation detectors are presented qualitatively; adding a short table comparing projected half-life sensitivities across techniques (e.g., xenon, germanium, bolometers) would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive evaluation of our review article and for recommending minor revision. The assessment accurately captures the scope of the manuscript as a balanced survey of theoretical motivations, experimental strategies, current results, and future prospects in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Review paper with no internal derivations or predictions

full rationale

This is a survey article that reviews established theoretical implications of neutrinoless double beta decay and existing experimental approaches from prior literature. No new quantitative predictions, model derivations, fitted parameters, or equations are advanced that could reduce to self-referential inputs by construction. All central claims rest on standard physics and external references rather than any load-bearing self-citation chain or ansatz internal to the manuscript.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The review rests on standard particle-physics assumptions about Majorana neutrinos and lepton-number violation; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Neutrinos may be Majorana particles (identical to their antiparticles)
    Invoked in the abstract as the key implication of observing the decay.
  • domain assumption Lepton number is not necessarily conserved
    Stated directly in the abstract as a consequence of the process.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5408 in / 1205 out tokens · 38177 ms · 2026-05-10T12:14:47.956310+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

95 extracted references · 6 canonical work pages · 2 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Toward the Discovery of Matter Creation with Neutrinoless ββ Decay.Rev

    Agostini, M.; Benato, G.; Detwiler, J.A.; et al. Toward the Discovery of Matter Creation with Neutrinoless ββ Decay.Rev. Mod. Phys.2023,95, 025002

    2023

  2. [2]

    The Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay.Riv

    G´omez-Cadenas, J.J.; Mart´ın-Albo, J.; Men´endez, J.; et al. The Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay.Riv. Nuovo Cim.2023,46, 619–692

    2023

  3. [3]

    Double Beta-Disintegration.Phys

    Goeppert-Mayer, M. Double Beta-Disintegration.Phys. Rev.1935,48, 512–516

    1935

  4. [4]

    Direct Evidence for Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay in 82Se.Phys

    Elliott, S.R.; Hahn, A.A.; Moe, M.K. Direct Evidence for Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay in 82Se.Phys. Rev. Lett.1987, 59, 2020–2023

    1987

  5. [5]

    Precise Half-Life Values for Two-Neutrino Double-βDecay: 2020 Review.Universe2020,6, 159

    Barabash, A. Precise Half-Life Values for Two-Neutrino Double-βDecay: 2020 Review.Universe2020,6, 159

    2020

  6. [6]

    On Transition Probabilities in Double Beta-Disintegration.Phys

    Furry, W.H. On Transition Probabilities in Double Beta-Disintegration.Phys. Rev.1939,56, 1184–1193

    1939

  7. [7]

    Teoria Simmetrica dell’Elettrone e del Positrone.Nuovo Cimento1937,14, 171–184

    Majorana, E. Teoria Simmetrica dell’Elettrone e del Positrone.Nuovo Cimento1937,14, 171–184

  8. [8]

    The Fate of Hints: Updated Global Analysis of Three-Flavor Neutrino Oscillations.J

    Esteban, I.; Gonzalez-Garcia, M.C.; Maltoni, M.; et al. The Fate of Hints: Updated Global Analysis of Three-Flavor Neutrino Oscillations.J. High Energy Phys.2020,2020, 178

    2020

  9. [9]

    2020 Global Reassessment of the Neutrino Oscillation Picture.J

    de Salas, P.F.; Forero, D.V .; Gariazzo, S.; et al. 2020 Global Reassessment of the Neutrino Oscillation Picture.J. High Energy Phys.2021,2021, 71

    2020

  10. [10]

    Unfinished Fabric of the Three Neutrino Paradigm.Phys

    Capozzi, F.; Di Valentino, E.; Lisi, E.; et al. Unfinished Fabric of the Three Neutrino Paradigm.Phys. Rev. D2021,104, 083031

  11. [11]

    Neutrino Mass Models.Rep

    King, S.F. Neutrino Mass Models.Rep. Prog. Phys.2003,67, 107

    2003

  12. [12]

    Neutrino Mass in Effective Field Theory.Phys

    Borisov, A.; Isaev, A. Neutrino Mass in Effective Field Theory.Phys. Part. Nucl.2024,55, 634–647

    2024

  13. [13]

    Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: A Probe of Physics Beyond the Standard Model.Int

    Bilenky, S.M.; Giunti, C. Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: A Probe of Physics Beyond the Standard Model.Int. J. Mod. Phys. A2015,30, 1530001

  14. [14]

    Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay and Neutrino Mass.Int

    Vergados, J.D.; Ejiri, H.; ˇSimkovic, F. Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay and Neutrino Mass.Int. J. Mod. Phys. E2016,25, 1630007

  15. [15]

    Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay.New J

    P ¨as, H.; Rodejohann, W. Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay.New J. Phys.2015,17, 115010

    2015

  16. [16]

    Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay and Physics Beyond the Standard Model.J

    Deppisch, F.F.; Hirsch, M.; P¨as, H. Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay and Physics Beyond the Standard Model.J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys.2012,39, 124007

    2012

  17. [17]

    Neutrinoless Double-βDecay in SU(2)×U(1) Theories.Phys

    Schechter, J.; Valle, J.W.F. Neutrinoless Double-βDecay in SU(2)×U(1) Theories.Phys. Rev. D1982,25, 2951–2954

  18. [18]

    Left-Handed Neutrino Mass Scale and Spontaneously Broken Lepton Number.Phys

    Gelmini, G.; Roncadelli, M. Left-Handed Neutrino Mass Scale and Spontaneously Broken Lepton Number.Phys. Lett. B 1981,99, 411–415

    1981

  19. [19]

    Complex Spinors and Unified Theories

    Gell-Mann, M.; Ramond, P.; Slansky, R. Complex Spinors and Unified Theories. In Proceedings of the Workshop, New York, NY , USA, 27–29 September 1979

    1979

  20. [20]

    Neutrino Mass and Spontaneous Parity Nonconservation.Phys

    Mohapatra, R.N.; Senjanovi ´c, G. Neutrino Mass and Spontaneous Parity Nonconservation.Phys. Rev. Lett.1980,44, 912–915

    1980

  21. [21]

    Barygenesis without Grand Unification.Phys

    Fukugita, M.; Yanagida, T. Barygenesis without Grand Unification.Phys. Lett. B1986,174, 45–47

  22. [22]

    Leptogenesis for Pedestrians.Ann

    Buchm ¨uller, W.; Di Bari, P.; Pl¨umacher, M. Leptogenesis for Pedestrians.Ann. Phys.2005,315, 305–351

    2005

  23. [23]

    Leptogenesis.Phys

    Davidson, S.; Nardi, E.; Nir, Y . Leptogenesis.Phys. Rep.2008,466, 105–177

    2008

  24. [24]

    Violation of CP Invariance, C Asymmetry, and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe.Sov

    Sakharov, A.D. Violation of CP Invariance, C Asymmetry, and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe.Sov. Phys. Usp.1991, 34, 392–393

    1991

  25. [25]

    CP Violating Decays in Leptogenesis Scenarios.Phys

    Covi, L.; Roulet, E.; Vissani, F. CP Violating Decays in Leptogenesis Scenarios.Phys. Lett. B1996,384, 169–174

  26. [27]

    Cosmological Baryon and Lepton Number in the Presence of Electroweak Fermion-Number Violation.Phys

    Harvey, J.A.; Turner, M.S. Cosmological Baryon and Lepton Number in the Presence of Electroweak Fermion-Number Violation.Phys. Rev. D1990,42, 3344–3349

  27. [28]

    Theory of Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay.Rep

    Vergados, J.D.; Ejiri, H.; ˇSimkovic, F. Theory of Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay.Rep. Prog. Phys.2012,75, 106301

    2012

  28. [29]

    Status and Future of Nuclear Matrix Elements for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: A Review.Rep

    Engel, J.; Men´endez, J. Status and Future of Nuclear Matrix Elements for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: A Review.Rep. Prog. Phys.2017,80, 046301

    2017

  29. [30]

    A Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Master Formula from Effective Field Theory.J

    Cirigliano, V .; Dekens, W.; de Vries, J.; et al. A Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Master Formula from Effective Field Theory.J. High Energy Phys.2018,2018, 97

    2018

  30. [31]

    Disassembling the Nuclear Matrix Elements of the Neutrinoless ββ Decay.Nucl

    Men´endez, J.; Poves, A.; Caurier, E.; et al. Disassembling the Nuclear Matrix Elements of the Neutrinoless ββ Decay.Nucl. Phys. A2009,818, 139–151

  31. [32]

    Anatomy of the0νββ Nuclear Matrix Elements.Phys

    ˇSimkovic, F.; Faessler, A.; Rodin, V .; et al. Anatomy of the0νββ Nuclear Matrix Elements.Phys. Rev. C2008,77, 045503

  32. [33]

    Energy Density Functional Study of Nuclear Matrix Elements for Neutrinolessββ Decay.Phys

    Rodr´ıguez, T.R.; Mart´ınez-Pinedo, G. Energy Density Functional Study of Nuclear Matrix Elements for Neutrinolessββ Decay.Phys. Rev. Lett.2010,105, 252503

    2010

  33. [34]

    Nuclear Matrix Elements for Double-βDecay.Phys

    Barea, J.; Kotila, J.; Iachello, F. Nuclear Matrix Elements for Double-βDecay.Phys. Rev. C2013,87, 014315

  34. [35]

    Neutrinoless Double- β Decay from an Effective Field Theory for Heavy Nuclei.Phys

    Brase, C.; Men´endez, J.; Coello P´erez, E.A.; et al. Neutrinoless Double- β Decay from an Effective Field Theory for Heavy Nuclei.Phys. Rev. C2022,106, 034309

  35. [36]

    Ab Initio Treatment of Collective Correlations and the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of 48Ca.Phys

    Yao, J.M.; Bally, B.; Engel, J.; et al. Ab Initio Treatment of Collective Correlations and the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of 48Ca.Phys. Rev. Lett.2020,124, 232501

    2020

  36. [37]

    Ab Initio Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Matrix Elements for 48Ca, 76Ge, and 82Se.Phys

    Belley, A.; Payne, C.G.; Stroberg, S.R.; et al. Ab Initio Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Matrix Elements for 48Ca, 76Ge, and 82Se.Phys. Rev. Lett.2021,126, 042502

    2021

  37. [38]

    Impact of the Quenching ofg A on the Sensitivity of0νββExperiments.Phys

    Suhonen, J. Impact of the Quenching ofg A on the Sensitivity of0νββExperiments.Phys. Rev. C2017,96, 055501

  38. [39]

    Muon Capture Rates: Evaluation within the Quasiparticle Random Phase Approxi- mation.Phys

    ˇSimkovic, F.; Dvornick´y, R.; V ogel, P. Muon Capture Rates: Evaluation within the Quasiparticle Random Phase Approxi- mation.Phys. Rev. C2020,102, 034301

  39. [40]

    Determination of the Muon Lifetime in $^{76}$Se with the MONUMENT experiment

    Araujo, G.; Bajpai, D.; Baudis, L.; et al. Determination of the Muon Lifetime in 76Se with the MONUMENT Experiment. arXiv2025, arXiv:2510.23401

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  40. [41]

    Shell-Model Calculation of 100Mo Double-β Decay.Phys

    Coraggio, L.; Itaco, N.; De Gregorio, G.; et al. Shell-Model Calculation of 100Mo Double-β Decay.Phys. Rev. C2022,105, 034312

  41. [42]

    Phase-Space Factors for Double-βDecay.Phys

    Kotila, J.; Iachello, F. Phase-Space Factors for Double-βDecay.Phys. Rev. C2012,85, 034316

  42. [43]

    Double Beta Decay.Rep

    Primakoff, H.; Rosen, S.P. Double Beta Decay.Rep. Prog. Phys.1959,22, 121

    1959

  43. [44]

    Random Coincidence of 2ν2β Decay Events as a Background Source in Bolometric0ν2βDecay Experiments.Eur

    Chernyak, D.M.; Danevich, F.A.; Giuliani, A.; et al. Random Coincidence of 2ν2β Decay Events as a Background Source in Bolometric0ν2βDecay Experiments.Eur . Phys. J. C2012,72, 1989

    1989

  44. [45]

    Plasma Isotope Separation Based on Ion Cyclotron Resonance.Phys

    Dolgolenko, D.A.; Muromkin, Y .A. Plasma Isotope Separation Based on Ion Cyclotron Resonance.Phys. Usp.2009,52, 345–357

    2009

  45. [46]

    Stern, R.C.; Paisner, J.A.Atomic V apor Laser Isotope Separation; Internal Report; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Livermore, CA, USA, 1985

    1985

  46. [47]

    Experimental and Theoretical Remarks on the Double β-Decay.Nuovo Cimento1960,17, 132–193

    Dell’Antonio, G.F.; Fiorini, E. Experimental and Theoretical Remarks on the Double β-Decay.Nuovo Cimento1960,17, 132–193

  47. [48]

    Limits on the Majorana Neutrino Mass in the 0.1 eV Range.Phys

    Baudis, L.; Dietz, A.; Heusser, G.; et al. Limits on the Majorana Neutrino Mass in the 0.1 eV Range.Phys. Rev. Lett.1999, 83, 41–44

    1999

  48. [49]

    The IGEX 76Ge Neutrinoless Double-β Decay Experiment.Phys

    Aalseth, C.E.; Avignone, F.T.I.; Brodzinski, R.L.; et al. The IGEX 76Ge Neutrinoless Double-β Decay Experiment.Phys. Rev. D2002,65, 092007

  49. [50]

    Final Results of GERDA on the Search for Neutrinoless Double-β Decay.Phys

    Agostini, M.; Araujo, G.R.; Bakalyarov, A.M.; et al. Final Results of GERDA on the Search for Neutrinoless Double-β Decay.Phys. Rev. Lett.2020,125, 252502

    2020

  50. [51]

    Final Result of the Majorana Demonstrator’s Search for Neutrinoless Double-βDecay in 76Ge.Phys

    Arnquist, I.J.; Avignone, F.T.; Barabash, A.S.; et al. Final Result of the Majorana Demonstrator’s Search for Neutrinoless Double-βDecay in 76Ge.Phys. Rev. Lett.2023,130, 062501

    2023

  51. [52]

    Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Search with the LEGEND Experiment

    Brugnera, R. Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Search with the LEGEND Experiment. In Proceedings of the 14th International Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics: Cutting-Edge Developments in Nuclear Structure Physics, Ischia, Italy, 19–23 May 2025

    2025

  52. [53]

    Low-Temperature Calorimetry for Rare Decays.Nucl

    Fiorini, E.; Niinikoski, T. Low-Temperature Calorimetry for Rare Decays.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.1984,224, 83–88

    1984

  53. [54]

    Search for Majorana Neutrinos Exploiting Millikelvin Cryogenics with CUORE.Nature2022,604, 53–58

    Adams, D.Q.; Alduino, C.; Alfonso, K.; et al. Search for Majorana Neutrinos Exploiting Millikelvin Cryogenics with CUORE.Nature2022,604, 53–58

  54. [55]

    CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle Identification.Eur

    Alfonso, K.; Armatol, A.; Augier, C.; et al. CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle Identification.Eur . Phys. J. C2025, 85, 737

  55. [56]

    Technical Design Report for the AMoRE0νββ Decay Search Experiment.arXiv 2015, arXiv:1512.05957

    Alenkov, V .; Aryal, P.; Beyer, J.; et al. Technical Design Report for the AMoRE0νββ Decay Search Experiment.arXiv 2015, arXiv:1512.05957

    work page arXiv 2015

  56. [57]

    A Search for Lepton Number Non-Conservation in Double Beta Decay of 136Xe.Phys

    Bellotti, E.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; et al. A Search for Lepton Number Non-Conservation in Double Beta Decay of 136Xe.Phys. Lett. B1989,221, 209–215

  57. [59]

    Search for Neutrinoless Double-β Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset

    Anton, G.; Badhrees, I.; Barbeau, P.S.; et al. Search for Neutrinoless Double-β Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset. Phys. Rev. Lett.2019,123, 161802

    2019

  58. [60]

    NEXT-CRAB-0: A High Pressure Gaseous Xenon Time Projection Chamber with a Direct VUV Camera Based Readout.JINST2023,18, P08006

    Byrnes, N.; Parmaksiz, I.; Adams, C.; et al. NEXT-CRAB-0: A High Pressure Gaseous Xenon Time Projection Chamber with a Direct VUV Camera Based Readout.JINST2023,18, P08006

  59. [61]

    nEXO: Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Search Beyond 10 28 Year Half-Life Sensitivity.J

    Adhikari, G.; Al Kharusi, S.; Angelico, E.; et al. nEXO: Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Search Beyond 10 28 Year Half-Life Sensitivity.J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys.2021,49, 015104

    2021

  60. [62]

    Search for Majorana Neutrinos with the Complete KamLAND-Zen Dataset.Phys

    Abe, S.; Araki, T.; Chiba, K.; et al. Search for Majorana Neutrinos with the Complete KamLAND-Zen Dataset.Phys. Rev. Lett.2025,135, 262501

    2025

  61. [63]

    Planck 2018 Results—VI

    Aghanim, N.; Akrami, Y .; Ashdown, M.; et al. Planck 2018 Results—VI. Cosmological Parameters.Astron. Astrophys. 2020,641, A6

    2018

  62. [64]

    Updating Neutrino Mass Constraints with Background Measurements.Phys

    Wang, D.; Mena, O.; Di Valentino, E.; et al. Updating Neutrino Mass Constraints with Background Measurements.Phys. Rev. D2024,110, 103536

  63. [65]

    Investigation of Double-Beta Decay with the NEMO-3 Detector.Phys

    Brudanin, V .B. Investigation of Double-Beta Decay with the NEMO-3 Detector.Phys. At. Nucl.2011,74, 312–317

    2011

  64. [66]

    Status of the SuperNEMO Demonstrator and First Physics Data

    Aguerre, X. Status of the SuperNEMO Demonstrator and First Physics Data. In Proceedings of the The XIX International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP2025), Xichang, China, 24–30 August 2025

    2025

  65. [67]

    The SNO+ Experiment.JINST2021,16, P08059

    Albanese, V .; Alves, R.; Anderson, M.; et al. The SNO+ Experiment.JINST2021,16, P08059

  66. [68]

    Precise $^{136}$Xe Double Beta Decay Measurement in PandaX-4T with Implications on the Nuclear Matrix Elements and Majorons

    Yuan, Z.; Bo, Z.; Chen, W.; et al. Searching for New Physics with136Xe Double Beta Decay Spectrum in PandaX-4T.arXiv 2025, arXiv:2512.04849

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  67. [69]

    Searching for 76Ge Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay with the CDEX-1B Experiment.Chin

    Zhang, B.T.; Wang, J.Z.; Yang, L.T.; et al. Searching for 76Ge Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay with the CDEX-1B Experiment.Chin. Phys. C2024,48, 103001

  68. [70]

    The CUPID-Mo Experiment for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Performance and Prospects.Eur

    Armengaud, E.; Augier, C.; Barabash, A.S.; et al. The CUPID-Mo Experiment for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Performance and Prospects.Eur . Phys. J. C2020,80, 44

  69. [71]

    Complete Event-by-Event α/γ(β) Separation in a Full-Size TeO2 CUORE Bolometer by Neganov-Luke-Magnified Light Detection.Phys

    Berg´e, L.; Chapellier, M.; de Combarieu, M.; et al. Complete Event-by-Event α/γ(β) Separation in a Full-Size TeO2 CUORE Bolometer by Neganov-Luke-Magnified Light Detection.Phys. Rev. C2018,97, 032501

  70. [72]

    Final Result on the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of 82Se with CUPID-0

    Azzolini, O.; Beeman, J.W.; Bellini, F.; et al. Final Result on the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of 82Se with CUPID-0. Phys. Rev. Lett.2022,129, 111801

    2022

  71. [73]

    Final Results on the 0νββ Decay Half-Life Limit of 100Mo from the CUPID-Mo Experiment.Eur

    Augier, C.; Barabash, A.S.; Bellini, F.; et al. Final Results on the 0νββ Decay Half-Life Limit of 100Mo from the CUPID-Mo Experiment.Eur . Phys. J. C2022,82, 1033

  72. [74]

    and others

    Armatol, A.; Augier, C.; Avignone, F.T.I.; et al. Toward CUPID-1T.arXiv2022, arXiv:2203.08386

    work page arXiv

  73. [75]

    The CUORE Experiment: Current Status and Road Ahead

    Campani, A. The CUORE Experiment: Current Status and Road Ahead. In Proceedings of the The XIX International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP2025), Xichang, China, 24–30 August 2025

    2025

  74. [76]

    Results of the Search for Neutrinoless Double- β Decay in 100Mo with the NEMO-3 Experiment.Phys

    Arnold, R.; Augier, C.; Baker, J.D.; et al. Results of the Search for Neutrinoless Double- β Decay in 100Mo with the NEMO-3 Experiment.Phys. Rev. D2015,92, 072011

  75. [77]

    Improved Limit on Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of100Mo from AMoRE-I

    Agrawal, A.; Alenkov, V .V .; Aryal, P.; et al. Improved Limit on Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of100Mo from AMoRE-I. Phys. Rev. Lett.2025,134, 082501

    2025

  76. [78]

    Latest KamLAND-Zen Results and the Impact of Muon Spallation on the 0νββ Search

    Weerman, K. Latest KamLAND-Zen Results and the Impact of Muon Spallation on the 0νββ Search. In Proceedings of the The XIX International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP2025), Xichang, China, 24–30 August 2025

    2025

  77. [79]

    First Results on the Search for Lepton Number Violating Neutrinoless Double-βDecay with the LEGEND-200 Experiment.Phys

    Acharya, H.; Ackermann, N.; Agostini, M.; et al. First Results on the Search for Lepton Number Violating Neutrinoless Double-βDecay with the LEGEND-200 Experiment.Phys. Rev. Lett.2025,136, 022701

    2025

  78. [80]

    Fluorescence Imaging of Individual Ions and Molecules in Pressurized Noble Gases for Barium Tagging in 136Xe.Nat

    Byrnes, N.K.; Dey, E.; Foss, F.W.; et al. Fluorescence Imaging of Individual Ions and Molecules in Pressurized Noble Gases for Barium Tagging in 136Xe.Nat. Commun.2024,15, 10595

    2024

  79. [81]

    Imaging Individual Barium Atoms in Solid Xenon for Barium Tagging in nEXO.Nature2019,569, 203–207

    Chambers, C.; Walton, T.; Fairbank, D.; et al. Imaging Individual Barium Atoms in Solid Xenon for Barium Tagging in nEXO.Nature2019,569, 203–207

  80. [82]

    Scintillation in Low-Temperature Particle Detectors.Physics2021,3, 473–535

    Poda, D. Scintillation in Low-Temperature Particle Detectors.Physics2021,3, 473–535

Showing first 80 references.