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arxiv: 2604.15688 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-17 · 📡 eess.SP

Multi-site Radar Systems for High-Precision Indoor Positioning and Tracking

Lang Qin , Mandong Zhang , Wenting Song , Xiaohu Wu , Zhiqiang Huang , Xiaoguang Liu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 08:36 UTC · model grok-4.3

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The pith

Multi-site SISO radars with a velocity synthesis-assisted localization algorithm achieve centimeter-level tracking accuracy for humans without MIMO hardware or strict phase synchronization.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This work focuses on tracking moving targets such as people inside buildings using several radars, each with one antenna for sending and receiving signals. The key idea is to combine the speed measurements toward each radar to refine position estimates inside range bins through an iterative process. This velocity synthesis creates geometric constraints that help the system stay accurate even when signals are weak, echoes bounce around, or the radars have timing differences. The approach avoids complex multi-antenna setups and tight synchronization, lowering hardware demands. Standardized test paths are defined for fair comparisons, and both computer simulations and real experiments reportedly show centimeter-level accuracy that beats prior techniques for complicated movements.

Core claim

our multi-site radar systems achieve centimeter-level tracking accuracy for human subjects, outperforming existing methods in complex trajectory tracking.

Load-bearing premise

The inherent geometric constraints introduced by velocity synthesis enable the proposed algorithm to remain robust under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), severe multipath propagation, and large synchronization latency.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.15688 by Lang Qin, Mandong Zhang, Wenting Song, Xiaoguang Liu, Xiaohu Wu, Zhiqiang Huang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Indoor high-precision target single positioning. (a) Single MIMO radar positioning [24]. (b) Multi-site SISO radar systems for static target positioning. (c) Multi-site SISO radar systems for dynamic target positioning and tracking. by either a phased array configuration or a multiple￾input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration as shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: (a) depicts a coherent solution, where radars share a common physical clock source via cabling. In contrast, trigger synchronization entails only a synchronized start time, which is typically characterized as non-coherent synchronization. Software solutions can only realize trig￾ger, which often use networks. Precision Time Protocol (PTP) [40] and Network Time Protocol (NTP) [41] are rep￾resentative exampl… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Traditional position estimation using EKF method . The two-dimensional CFAR detection is formulated as: T[m, p] = α · Z, Z = 1 Nref N Xref i=1 S[mi , pi ] 2 . (9) For each detected target peak at indices (m1,2, p1,2) in the RDM, the post-detection radial velocity between the target and the two radars r1 and r2 is v1,2 = λp1,2 2LTP RI (10) where λ is radar wavelength, p1,2 is the Doppler bin index of the tw… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Proposed VSA method. against high-dynamic maneuvers. Algorithm 1 presents the steps of the proposed VSA algorithm. The explanation in detail is as follows. a) Spatial Candidate Generation: The search space is first initialized and discretized. The common distance interval B is determined as the intersection of all radar range measurements based on (6), confining the search to the immediate proximity of the… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Monte-Carlo positioning simulations. (a) Positioning distri￾bution. (b) Positioning errors. The positioning performance of the proposed algorithm (Section III-A) is compared against the conventional trilateration method (Section II-B). The robustness of the proposed algorithm is validated through 50 Monte Carlo simulations, with results shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Monte-Carlo tracking simulations. (a) SNR. (b) Multipath interference. (c) Inter-radar synchronization latency. (d) The number of PRI. (e) The number of points. (f) Data throughput. the proposed VSA demonstrates significantly enhanced robustness compared to the EKF, particularly in low-SNR regimes. As illustrated, at an SNR of 0 dB, the EKF yields an RMSE of approximately 0.25 m, whereas the VSA effectivel… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Simulation results of standard trajectory tracking. (a) Rhombus trajectory. (b) Circular trajectory. (c) Star-shape trajectory. 10 15 20 25 EKF Proposed 0 5 EKF Proposed 2 4 6 8 10 Time (s) 0 Error (cm) 0 10 20 30 10 15 20 25 0 5 EKF Proposed 2 4 6 8 10 Time (s) 0 0 10 20 30 20 30 40 50 0 10 3 6 9 12 15 Time (s) 0 0 15 30 45 EKF Proposed (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Rhombus Circle Star EKF Proposed Error (cm) E… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Comparison of error in EKF and proposed method. (a), (c) and (e) illustrate the variation of error over time. (b), (d), and (f) are error distribution boxplot. and a bandwidth of 1500 MHz, corresponding to a range resolution of 0.10 m. The frame periodicity is set to 50 ms, with 256 pulses integrated per frame, resulting in a maximum unambiguous radial velocity of 3 m/s. The detection thresholds for range … view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Experiment results of single radar and multi-site radar trajectory tracking. (a) MIMO radar 1; (b) MIMO radar 2; (c) Multi-site SISO radar; Proposed SAV-PF Reference (a) (b) (c) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Experiment results of radar trajectory tracking. (a) Rhombus trajectory. (b) Circular trajectory. (c) Star-shaped trajectory. Proposed SAV-PF Proposed SAV-PF Position Error (cm) 0.2 CDF 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 100 20 30 40 Proposed SAV-PF (a) 0.2 CDF 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Position Error (cm) 100 20 30 40 (b) Position Error (cm) 100 20 30 40 (c) 0.2 CDF 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: CDF of estimation error of SAV-PF method and proposed method. (a) Rhombus trajectory. (b) Circular trajectory. (c) Star-shaped trajectory. 10.5 cm and 16.5 cm in rhombus trajectory, 14.0 cm and 15.0 cm in circular trajectory, 16.3 cm and 22.5 cm in star￾shaped trajectory. These results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits superior robustness across different trajectory patterns. C. Multit… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This paper introduces a high-precision indoor positioning and tracking method that utilizes multi-site single-input single-output (SISO) radar systems. We propose a novel velocity synthesis-assisted (VSA) localization algorithm that iteratively refines target position estimates within range bins by fusing radial velocity measurements from multiple radars. This approach ensures enhanced accuracy in both velocity and position estimation. Moreover, the inherent geometric constraints introduced by velocity synthesis enable the proposed algorithm to remain robust under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), severe multipath propagation, and large synchronization latency. Notably, our method eliminates the use of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configurations and stringent phase synchronization requirements, substantially reducing hardware complexity while maintaining high positioning accuracy. We define standardized reference trajectories to facilitate a comprehensive and reproducible performance evaluation. Extensive simulations and experimental validations demonstrate that our multi-site radar systems achieve centimeter-level tracking accuracy for human subjects, outperforming existing methods in complex trajectory tracking.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract, the central claim rests on standard radar signal processing assumptions with no explicit free parameters, invented entities, or ad-hoc axioms detailed.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard models for radar propagation, multipath, and radial velocity measurements apply in indoor settings.
    Implicit foundation for the velocity synthesis and robustness claims under low SNR and multipath.

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